Writing policy papers

Friday, August 28, 2020

Pro Essay Writer Service From Samedayessay

Pro Essay Writer Service From Samedayessay In case you dislike the delivered paper, you'll be able to ask for free revisions of your order throughout the first 14 days or a full refund. To get nearer to the millennial era, the service went through a re-branding course of. We analyzed the feedback provided by our clients to get higher and sustain-to-date. Even although it is a somewhat difficult one, we can help you with it. We take deadlines very critically and are right here to offer you 24-hours essay assist. Once the essay is completed, we'll let you realize and ship over the ultimate draft. Your job as the undergraduate is to learn over the essay carefully. That's because we guarantee that we'll make any amendments you want, as many times as you want them, right up till your deadline. That's as a result of we would like every customer to be delighted with the product we create for them. All you need to do is let us know what needs to be done, and we'll make the changes for you. You can then take that essay and submit it for marking. Once you declare it finished, that essay is yours to do with as you please. Quoting is reserved for lines of text which are equivalent to an unique piece of writing. Paraphrasing is reserved for large sections of another person's writing that you just want to convey in your individual words. Summarizing puts the details from another person's text into your personal phrases. Transition phrases are the glue that connects every paragraph together and prevents the essay from sounding disjointed. Fill in supporting details out of your analysis beneath each paragraph. Make positive each paragraph ties again to your thesis and creates a cohesive, comprehensible essay. An on-line order type made the workflow far more efficient. The must e-mail or cellphone the manager to position your order disappeared. Your paper might be written from scratch following supplied necessities. I was greater than what I anticipated when reading via the paper. You may also want to contemplate the distinction between quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing. Here's more on When to Quote, Paraphrase, or Summarize. Now the essay is written, but you're not fairly done. Reread what you have written, looking for errors and typos. As you progress through the essay, transition words shall be paramount. We have 1000's of regulars yearly and all of them have entry to great discounts that are part of our loyalty program. Papers have by no means been higher and extra affordable than this! If you desire a combination of great pricing and even larger quality, BestEssays.com.au is the company to rent to supply it. You get the best high quality for an reasonably priced average value. Therefore, we guarantee that no third celebration will get to find out about it. Of course, you may tell them yourself, however will probably be your fault then. Itâ€™s a joke, however we hope you perceive that there is some sense in it. This is a paper that is required to be written within the final levels of schooling. Ensure you have transitions between paragraphs so the reader understands how the paper flows from one concept to the following. If you have been tasked with an argumentative essay, here is the best method for an Argumentative Essay Outline. If you've been assigned an argumentative essay, check out these Top 10 Argumentative Essay Topics. We grant reductions to welcome new prospects, but at all times respect the loyalty of those who come back for essay help as a result of they belief us. We'll rewrite your paper for free or you'll get a refund. We perceive that you want all the knowledge and the actual fact you used our service to be left confidential.

Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Great Strategies To Write Great Essays Online

Great Strategies To Write Great Essays Online You will need to be sure that the essay writer is ready to make the most effective of the talents in providing you. You are not looking for someone thatâ€™s simply going to skim over the work and go away you unhappy with the result. Make positive the essay is written with the highest high quality of writing potential. Moreover we now have experience in any type of homework, whatever the subject is. We never disappoint our shoppers; we ensure they get what they deserve. But donâ€™t simply take our word for that â€" have a look at the critiques left for us by our customers. These testimonials are left by college students just like you who return us again and again as a result of they know our writers wonâ€™t be crushed. Tried the service for three times and all the time was happy. It is not a problem should you have no idea enough in any particular subject, especially if it is one of the STEMs or another advanced topic. We hire professional writers who've high expertise in a number of disciplines. When you place an order, we will assign you the writer who is aware of the required area greatest. Have you ever considered asking knowledgeable essay author to complete your paper? As a pupil, youâ€™re alleged to deliver your assignments on time. Legal essay services are conscious of the significance of deadlines and do their greatest to finish the work on-time. Our costs are already very low cost as a result of we know that college students hardly earn money throughout their studies. In comparison to different firms, we are the cheapest paper writing service. Still, we carry on providing reductions often. We hold emailing our shoppers in order that they can avail completely different discount presents. Youâ€™ll want to attend until the article has been finished, if the writer doesnâ€™t supply this feature. Then it is a unbelievable idea to work with a author rather than an web essay writer in Australia if you don't have the time to wait. The finest essay writing assistance will supply samples of labor. You might discover that a writer doesnâ€™t provide a great deal of examples, however rather supplies you. Make certain to learn the sample over and see what you think. Everyone has a unique idea on what constitutes good writing, however there are basic tips to make your tone and voice in writing higher have your point come across extra clearly. William Zinsserâ€™s guide On Writing Well touches upon tips on construction and composition in a way that makes it straightforward even for non-professional writers to understand. A favorite amongst editors and journalists in all places, this book has stood the check of time as extra folks discover new ways and avenues for their writing corresponding to running a blog and social media. Perhaps no self-respecting author, newbie or in any other case, may declare to not have learn this iconic book on writing. Packed with helpful suggestions written in a easy and easy-to-learn manner, this has been a favorite go-to for both skilled and casual writers alike. We have skilled paper writers in almost every subject. We assign your duties to one of the best writers available at that time. We present academic writing service that is a dire want of every scholar i.e. cheap, reliable and fast. Whenever you're looking for a cheap paper writing service that meet your necessities, we assure you that we might be your best option. You must also point out any particular instructions or tips that you really want the writer to know in order that your paper will end up exactly as the way you like it. So sure, you might find low cost essay writers on different sites, but you'll not discover any writers who will do a greater job, therefore, you wonâ€™t discover higher worth for cash. Anyone can sit and record details, the trick to writing a good essay is to make it attention-grabbing sufficient that folks actually need to read it. Our clients know that once they use us, they are getting a prime rated writer who wonâ€™t allow them to down. Only authentic content material â€" our essays will solely be original and plagiarism free. Our essay writers use appropriate referencing formats that comply with university standards â€" always. Some on-line essay authors will be ready to e-mail you the finished essay after it has been written. The writers have been polite to me and I favored working with them. Once when I needed enhancements the writer amended the textual content really quickly proper after my request. 24/7 help â€" our group of writers are available everytime you want them, it doesn't matter what time of day. If you have a last-minute request at 4 am, donâ€™t fear because weâ€™ll be here to assist. Customer service is essential to us, which is why we're here whenever you need, we wish you to really feel totally supported each step of the way.

Great Strategies To Write Great Essays Online

Sunday, May 31, 2020

In electronics, an integrated circuit - Free Essay Example

In electronics, an integrated circuit (also known as IC, microcircuit, microchip, silicon chip, or chip) is a miniaturized electronic circuit (consisting mainly of semiconductor devices, as well as passive components) that has been manufactured in the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material. Integrated circuits are used in almost all electronic equipment in use today and have revolutionized the world of electronics. A hybrid integrated circuit is a miniaturized electronic circuit constructed of individual semiconductor devices, as well as passive components, bonded to a substrate or circuit board. Contents | |[hide] | |1 Introduction | |2 Invention | |3 Generations | |3. 1 SSI, MSI and LSI | |3. 2 VLSI | |3. ULSI, WSI, SOC and 3D-IC | |4 Advances in integrated circuits | |5 Popularity of ICs | |6 Classification | |7 Manufacturing | |7. 1 Fabrication | |7. 2 Packaging | |7. Chip labeling and manufacture date | |8 Legal protection of semiconductor chip layouts | | 9 Other developments | |10 Silicon labelling and graffiti | |11 Key industrial and academic data | |11. 1 Notable ICs | |11. 2 Manufacturers | |11. VLSI conferences | |11. 4 VLSI journals | |12 See also | |13 References | |14 Further reading | |15 External links | Introduction [pic] [pic] Synthetic detail of an integrated circuit through four layers of planarized copper interconnect, down to the polysilicon (pink), wells (greyish), and substrate (green). Integrated circuits were made possible by experimental discoveries which showed that semiconductor devices could perform the functions of vacuum tubes and by mid-20th-century technology advancements in semiconductor device fabrication. The integration of large numbers of tiny transistors into a small chip was an enormous improvement over the manual assembly of circuits using electronic components. The integrated circuits mass production capability, reliability, and building-block approach to circuit design ensured the rapid adopt ion of standardized ICs in place of designs using discrete transistors. There are two main advantages of ICs over discrete circuits: cost and performance. Cost is low because the chips, with all their components, are printed as a unit by photolithography and not constructed as one transistor at a time. Furthermore, much less material is used to construct a circuit as a packaged IC die than as a discrete circuit. Performance is high since the components switch quickly and consume little power (compared to their discrete counterparts) because the components are small and close together. As of 2006, chip areas range from a few square millimeters to around 350Ã‚ mm2, with up to 1 million transistors per mm2. [edit] Invention [pic] [pic] Jack Kilbys original integrated circuit The idea of the integrated circuit was conceived by a radar scientist working for the Royal Radar Establishment of the British Ministry of Defence, Geoffrey W. A. Dummer (1909Ã¢â‚¬â€œ2002), who published it at the Symposium on Progress in Quality Electronic Components in Washington, D. C. on May 7, 1952. [1] He gave many symposia publicly to propagate his ideas. Dummer unsuccessfully attempted to build such a circuit in 1956. Jack Kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated circuit in July 1958 and successfully demonstrated the first working integrated circuit on September 12, 1958. [2] In his patent application of February 6, 1959, Kilby described his new device as Ã¢â‚¬Å"a body of semiconductor material wherein all the components of the electronic circuit are completely integrated. Ã¢â‚¬ [3] Kilby won the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics for his part of the invention of the integrated circuit. [4] Robert Noyce also came up with his own idea of an integrated circuit half a year later than Kilby. Noyces chip solved many practical problems that Kilbys had not. Noyces chip, made at Fairchild Semiconductor, was made of silicon, whereas Kilbys chip was made of germanium. Early developments of the integrated circuit go back to 1949, when the German engineer Werner Jacobi (Siemens AG) filed a patent for an integrated-circuit-like semiconductor amplifying device [5] showing five transistors on a common substrate arranged in a 2-stage amplifier arrangement. Jacobi discloses small and cheap hearing aids as typical industrial applications of his patent. A commercial use of his patent has not been reported. A precursor idea to the IC was to create small ceramic squares (wafers), each one containing a single miniaturized component. Components could then be integrated and wired into a bidimensional or tridimensional compact grid. This idea, which looked very promising in 1957, was proposed to the US Army by Jack Kilby, and led to the short-lived Micromodule Program (similar to 1951s Project Tinkertoy). [6] However, as the project was gaining momentum, Kilby came up with a new, revolutionary design: the IC. Robert Noyce credited Kurt Lehovec of Sprague Electric for the principle of p-n junction isolation caused by the action of a biased p-n junction (the diode) as a key concept behind the IC. [7] See: Other variations of vacuum tubes for precursor concepts such as the Loewe 3NF. enerations [edit] SSI, MSI and LSI The first integrated circuits contained only a few transistors. Called Small-Scale Integration (SSI), digital circuits containing transistors numbering in the tens provided a few logic gates for example, while early linear ICs such as the Plessey SL201 or the Philips TAA320 had as few as two transistors. The term Large Scale Integration was first used by IBM scientist Rolf Landauer when describing the theoretical concept, from there came the terms for SSI, MSI, VLSI, and ULSI. SSI circuits were crucial to early aerospace projects, and vice-versa. Both the Minuteman missile and Apollo program needed lightweight digital computers for their inertial guidance systems; the Apollo guidance computer led and motivated the int egrated-circuit technology[citation needed], while the Minuteman missile forced it into mass-production. These programs purchased almost all of the available integrated circuits from 1960 through 1963, and almost alone provided the demand that funded the production improvements to reduce production costs from $1000/circuit (in 1960 dollars) to merely $25/circuit (in 1963 dollars). [citation needed] They began to appear in consumer products at the turn of the decade, a typical application being FM inter-carrier sound processing in television receivers. The next step in the development of integrated circuits, taken in the late 1960s, introduced devices which contained hundreds of transistors on each chip, called Medium-Scale Integration (MSI). They were attractive economically because while they cost little more to produce than SSI devices, they allowed more complex systems to be produced using smaller circuit boards, less assembly work (because of fewer separate components), an d a number of other advantages. Further development, driven by the same economic factors, led to Large-Scale Integration (LSI) in the mid 1970s, with tens of thousands of transistors per chip. Integrated circuits such as 1K-bit RAMs, calculator chips, and the first microprocessors, that began to be manufactured in moderate quantities in the early 1970s, had under 4000 transistors. True LSI circuits, approaching 10000 transistors, began to be produced around 1974, for computer main memories and second-generation microprocessors. [edit] VLSI Main article: Very-large-scale integration [pic] [pic] Upper interconnect layers on an Intel 80486DX2 microprocessor die. The final step in the development process, starting in the 1980s and continuing through the present, was very large-scale integration (VLSI). The development started with hundreds of thousands of transistors in the early 1980s, and continues beyond several billion transistors as of 2009. There was no single breakthrough t hat allowed this increase in complexity, though many factors helped. Manufacturers moved to smaller rules and cleaner fabs, so that they could make chips with more transistors and maintain adequate yield. The path of process improvements was summarized by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS). Design tools improved enough to make it practical to finish these designs in a reasonable time. The more energy efficient CMOS replaced NMOS and PMOS, avoiding a prohibitive increase in power consumption. Better texts such as the landmark textbook by Mead and Conway helped schools educate more designers, among other factors. In 1986 the first one megabit RAM chips were introduced, which contained more than one million transistors. Microprocessor chips passed the million transistor mark in 1989 and the billion transistor mark in 2005[8]. The trend continues largely unabated, with chips introduced in 2007 containing tens of billions of memory transistors [9]. [edit] U LSI, WSI, SOC and 3D-IC ULSI, WSI, SOC and 3D-IC To reflect further growth of the complexity, the term ULSI that stands for ultra-large-scale integration was proposed for chips of complexity of more than 1 million transistors. Wafer-scale integration (WSI) is a system of building very-large integrated circuits that uses an entire silicon wafer to produce a single super-chip. Through a combination of large size and reduced packaging, WSI could lead to dramatically reduced costs for some systems, notably massively parallel supercomputers. The name is taken from the term Very-Large-Scale Integration, the current state of the art when WSI was being developed. A system-on-a-chip (SoC or SOC) is an integrated circuit in which all the components needed for a computer or other system are included on a single chip. The design of such a device can be complex and costly, and building disparate components on a single piece of silicon may compromise the efficiency of some elements. However , these drawbacks are offset by lower manufacturing and assembly costs and by a greatly reduced power budget: because signals among the components are kept on-die, much less power is required (see Packaging). A three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D-IC) has two or more layers of active electronic components that are integrated both vertically and horizontally into a single circuit. Communication between layers uses on-die signaling, so power consumption is much lower than in equivalent separate circuits. Judicious use of short vertical wires can substantially reduce overall wire length for faster operation Advances in integrated circuits [pic] [pic] The die from an Intel 8742, an 8-bit microcontroller that includes a CPU running at 12 MHz, 128 bytes of RAM, 2048 bytes of EPROM, and I/O in the same chip. Among the most advanced integrated circuits are the microprocessors or cores, which control everything from computers to cellular phones to digital microwave ovens. Digital m emory chips and ASICs are examples of other families of integrated circuits that are important to the modern information society. While the cost of designing and developing a complex integrated circuit is quite high, when spread across typically millions of production units the individual IC cost is minimized. The performance of ICs is high because the small size allows short traces which in turn allows low power logic (such as CMOS) to be used at fast switching speeds. ICs have consistently migrated to smaller feature sizes over the years, allowing more circuitry to be packed on each chip. This increased capacity per unit area can be used to decrease cost and/or increase functionalityÃ¢â‚¬â€see Moores law which, in its modern interpretation, states that the number of transistors in an integrated circuit doubles every two years. In general, as the feature size shrinks, almost everything improvesÃ¢â‚¬â€the cost per unit and the switching power consumption go down, and the speed goes up. However, ICs with nanometer-scale devices are not without their problems, principal among which is leakage current (see subthreshold leakage for a discussion of this), although these problems are not insurmountable and will likely be solved or at least ameliorated by the introduction of high-k dielectrics. Since these speed and power consumption gains are apparent to the end user, there is fierce competition among the manufacturers to use finer geometries. This process, and the expected progress over the next few years, is well described by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS). edit] Popularity of ICs Only a half century after their development was initiated, integrated circuits have become ubiquitous. Computers, cellular phones, and other digital appliances are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies. That is, modern computing, communications, manufacturing and transport systems, including the Internet, all depend on the exi stence of integrated circuits. Classification [pic] [pic] A CMOS 4000 IC in a DIP Integrated circuits can be classified into analog, digital and mixed signal (both analog and digital on the same chip). Digital integrated circuits can contain anything from one to millions of logic gates, flip-flops, multiplexers, and other circuits in a few square millimeters. The small size of these circuits allows high speed, low power dissipation, and reduced manufacturing cost compared with board-level integration. These digital ICs, typically microprocessors, DSPs, and micro controllers work using binary mathematics to process one and zero signals. Analog ICs, such as sensors, power management circuits, and operational amplifiers, work by processing continuous signals. They perform functions like amplification, active filtering, demodulation, mixing, etc. Analog ICs ease the burden on circuit designers by having expertly designed analog circuits available instead of designing a difficult a nalog circuit from scratch. ICs can also combine analog and digital circuits on a single chip to create functions such as A/D converters and D/A converters. Such circuits offer smaller size and lower cost, but must carefully account for signal interference. Manufacturing [edit] Fabrication Main article: Semiconductor fabrication [pic] [pic] Rendering of a small standard cell with three metal layers (dielectric has been removed). The sand-colored structures are metal interconnect, with the vertical pillars being contacts, typically plugs of tungsten. The reddish structures are polysilicon gates, and the solid at the bottom is the crystalline silicon bulk. [pic] [pic] Schematic structure of a CMOS chip, as built in the early 2000s. The graphic shows LDD-MISFETs on an SOI substrate with five metallization layers and solder bump for flip-chip bonding. It also shows the section for FEOL (front-end of line), BEOL (back-end of line) and first parts of back-end process. The semiconduc tors of the periodic table of the chemical elements were identified as the most likely materials for a solid state vacuum tube by researchers like William Shockley at Bell Laboratories starting in the 1930s. Starting with copper oxide, proceeding to germanium, then silicon, the materials were systematically studied in the 1940s and 1950s. Today, silicon monocrystals are the main substrate used for integrated circuits (ICs) although some III-V compounds of the periodic table such as gallium arsenide are used for specialized applications like LEDs, lasers, solar cells and the highest-speed integrated circuits. It took decades to perfect methods of creating crystals without defects in the crystalline structure of the semiconducting material. Semiconductor ICs are fabricated in a layer process which includes these key process steps: Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Imaging Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Deposition Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Etching The main process steps are supplemented by doping and cleaning. Mono-crystal silicon wafers (or for sp ecial applications, silicon on sapphire or gallium arsenide wafers) are used as the substrate. Photolithography is used to mark different areas of the substrate to be doped or to have polysilicon, insulators or metal (typically aluminium) tracks deposited on them. Integrated circuits are composed of many overlapping layers, each defined by photolithography, and normally shown in different colors. Some layers mark where various dopants are diffused into the substrate (called diffusion layers), some define where additional ions are implanted (implant layers), some define the conductors (polysilicon or metal layers), and some define the connections between the conducting layers (via or contact layers). All components are constructed from a specific combination of these layers. In a self-aligned CMOS process, a transistor is formed wherever the gate layer (polysilicon or metal) crosses a diffusion layer. Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Capacitive structures, in form very much like the parallel conducting plate s of a traditional electrical capacitor, are formed according to the area of the plates, with insulating material between the plates. Capacitors of a wide range of sizes are common on ICs. Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Meandering stripes of varying lengths are sometimes used to form on-chip resistors, though most logic circuits do not need any resistors. The ratio of the length of the resistive structure to its width, combined with its sheet resistivity, determines the resistance. Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ More rarely, inductive structures can be built as tiny on-chip coils, or simulated by gyrators. Since a CMOS device only draws current on the transition between logic states, CMOS devices consume much less current than bipolar devices. A random access memory is the most regular type of integrated circuit; the highest density devices are thus memories; but even a microprocessor will have memory on the chip. (See the regular array structure at the bottom of the first image. Although the structures are intricate Ã¢â‚¬â€ œ with widths which have been shrinking for decades Ã¢â‚¬â€œ the layers remain much thinner than the device widths. The layers of material are fabricated much like a photographic process, although light waves in the visible spectrum cannot be used to expose a layer of material, as they would be too large for the features. Thus photons of higher frequencies (typically ultraviolet) are used to create the patterns for each layer. Because each feature is so small, electron microscopes are essential tools for a process engineer who might be debugging a fabrication process. Each device is tested before packaging using automated test equipment (ATE), in a process known as wafer testing, or wafer probing. The wafer is then cut into rectangular blocks, each of which is called a die. Each good die (plural dice, dies, or die) is then connected into a package using aluminium (or gold) bond wires which are welded and/or Thermosonic Bonded to pads, usually found around the edge of the die. Aft er packaging, the devices go through final testing on the same or similar ATE used during wafer probing. Test cost can account for over 25% of the cost of fabrication on lower cost products, but can be negligible on low yielding, larger, and/or higher cost devices. As of 2005, a fabrication facility (commonly known as a semiconductor lab) costs over a billion US Dollars to construct[10], because much of the operation is automated. The most advanced processes employ the following techniques: Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ The wafers are up to 300Ã‚ mm in diameter (wider than a common dinner plate). Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Use of 65 nanometer or smaller chip manufacturing process. Intel, IBM, NEC, and AMD are using 45 nanometers for their CPU chips. IBM and AMD are in development of a 45Ã‚ nm process using immersion lithography. Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Copper interconnects where copper wiring replaces aluminium for interconnects. Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Low-K dielectric insulators. Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Silicon on insulator (SOI) Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Strained silicon in a process used by IBM known as strained silicon directly on insulator (SSDOI) Packaging Main article: Integrated circuit packaging [pic] [pic] Early USSR made integrated circuit The earliest integrated circuits were packaged in ceramic flat packs, which continued to be used by the military for their reliability and small size for many years. Commercial circuit packaging quickly moved to the dual in-line package (DIP), first in ceramic and later in plastic. In the 1980s pin counts of VLSI circuits exceeded the practical limit for DIP packaging, leading to pin grid array (PGA) and leadless chip carrier (LCC) packages. Surface mount packaging appeared in the early 1980s and became popular in the late 1980s, using finer lead pitch with leads formed as either gull-wing or J-lead, as exemplified by small-outline integrated circuit a carrier which occupies an area about 30 Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 50% less than an equivalent DIP, with a typical thickness that is 70% less. This package has gull wing l eads protruding from the two long sides and a lead spacing of 0. 050Ã‚ inches. In the late 1990s, PQFP and TSOP packages became the most common for high pin count devices, though PGA packages are still often used for high-end microprocessors. Intel and AMD are currently transitioning from PGA packages on high-end microprocessors to land grid array (LGA) packages. Ball grid array (BGA) packages have existed since the 1970s. Flip-chip Ball Grid Array packages, which allow for much higher pin count than other package types, were developed in the 1990s. In an FCBGA package the die is mounted upside-down (flipped) and connects to the package balls via a package substrate that is similar to a printed-circuit board rather than by wires. FCBGA packages allow an array of input-output signals (called Area-I/O) to be distributed over the entire die rather than being confined to the die periphery. Traces out of the die, through the package, and into the printed circuit board have very diffe rent electrical properties, compared to on-chip signals. They require special design techniques and need much more electric power than signals confined to the chip itself. When multiple dies are put in one package, it is called SiP, for System In Package. When multiple dies are combined on a small substrate, often ceramic, its called an MCM, or Multi-Chip Module. The boundary between a big MCM and a small printed circuit board is sometimes fuzzy. [edit] Chip labeling and manufacture date Most integrated circuits large enough to include identifying information include four common sections: the manufacturers name or logo, the part number, a part production batch number and/or serial number, and a four-digit code that identifies when the chip was manufactured. Extremely small surface mount technology parts often bear only a number used in a manufacturers lookup table to find the chip characteristics. The manufacturing date is commonly represented as a two-digit year followed by a two-digit week code, such that a part bearing the code 8341 was manufactured in week 41 of 1983, or approximately in October 1983. Packaging Main article: Integrated circuit packaging [pic] [pic] Early USSR made integrated circuit The earliest integrated circuits were packaged in ceramic flat packs, which continued to be used by the military for their reliability and small size for many years. Commercial circuit packaging quickly moved to the dual in-line package (DIP), first in ceramic and later in plastic. In the 1980s pin counts of VLSI circuits exceeded the practical limit for DIP packaging, leading to pin grid array (PGA) and leadless chip carrier (LCC) packages. Surface mount packaging appeared in the early 1980s and became popular in the late 1980s, using finer lead pitch with leads formed as either gull-wing or J-lead, as exemplified by small-outline integrated circuit a carrier which occupies an area about 30 Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 50% less than an equivalent DIP, with a typical thi ckness that is 70% less. This package has gull wing leads protruding from the two long sides and a lead spacing of 0. 050Ã‚ inches. In the late 1990s, PQFP and TSOP packages became the most common for high pin count devices, though PGA packages are still often used for high-end microprocessors. Intel and AMD are currently transitioning from PGA packages on high-end microprocessors to land grid array (LGA) packages. Ball grid array (BGA) packages have existed since the 1970s. Flip-chip Ball Grid Array packages, which allow for much higher pin count than other package types, were developed in the 1990s. In an FCBGA package the die is mounted upside-down (flipped) and connects to the package balls via a package substrate that is similar to a printed-circuit board rather than by wires. FCBGA packages allow an array of input-output signals (called Area-I/O) to be distributed over the entire die rather than being confined to the die periphery. Traces out of the die, through the pac kage, and into the printed circuit board have very different electrical properties, compared to on-chip signals. They require special design techniques and need much more electric power than signals confined to the chip itself. When multiple dies are put in one package, it is called SiP, for System In Package. When multiple dies are combined on a small substrate, often ceramic, its called an MCM, or Multi-Chip Module. The boundary between a big MCM and a small printed circuit board is sometimes fuzzy. [edit] Chip labeling and manufacture date Most integrated circuits large enough to include identifying information include four common sections: the manufacturers name or logo, the part number, a part production batch number and/or serial number, and a four-digit code that identifies when the chip was manufactured. Extremely small surface mount technology parts often bear only a number used in a manufacturers lookup table to find the chip characteristics. The manufacturing date i s commonly represented as a two-digit year followed by a two-digit week code, such that a part bearing the code 8341 was manufactured in week 41 of 1983, or approximately in October 1983. Legal protection of semiconductor chip layouts Main article: Semiconductor Chip Protection Act of 1984 Prior to 1984, it was not necessarily illegal to produce a competing chip with an identical layout. As the legislative history for the Semiconductor Chip Protection Act of 1984, or SCPA, explained, patent and copyright protection for chip layouts, or topographies, were largely unavailable. This led to considerable complaint by U. S. chip manufacturersÃ¢â‚¬â€notably, Intel, which took the lead in seeking legislation, along with the Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA)against what they termed chip piracy. A 1984 addition to US law, the SCPA, made all so-called mask works (i. e. , chip topographies) protectable if registered with the U. S. Copyright Office. Similar rules apply in most oth er countries that manufacture ICs. (This is a simplified explanation see SCPA for legal details. ) [edit] Other developments In the 1980s, programmable integrated circuits were developed. These devices contain circuits whose logical function and connectivity can be programmed by the user, rather than being fixed by the integrated circuit manufacturer. This allows a single chip to be programmed to implement different LSI-type functions such as logic gates, adders and registers. Current devices named FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays) can now implement tens of thousands of LSI circuits in parallel and operate up to 550Ã‚ MHz. The techniques perfected by the integrated circuits industry over the last three decades have been used to create microscopic machines, known as MEMS. These devices are used in a variety of commercial and military applications. Example commercial applications include DLP projectors, inkjet printers, and accelerometers used to deploy automobile airbags. In the past, radios could not be fabricated in the same low-cost processes as microprocessors. But since 1998, a large number of radio chips have been developed using CMOS processes. Examples include Intels DECT cordless phone, or Atheross 802. 11 card. Future developments seem to follow the multi-core multi-microprocessor paradigm, already used by the Intel and AMD dual-core processors. Intel recently unveiled a prototype, not for commercial sale chip that bears a staggering 80 microprocessors. Each core is capable of handling its own task independently of the others. This is in response to the heat-versus-speed limit that is about to be reached using existing transistor technology. This design provides a new challenge to chip programming. Parallel programming languages such as the open-source X10 programming language are designed to assist with this task. [11] Silicon labelling and graffiti To allow identification during production most silicon chips will have a serial number in one corner. It is also common to add the manufactuers logo. Ever since ICs were created, some chip designers have used the silicon surface area for surreptitious, non-functional images or words. These are sometimes referred to as Chip Art, Silicon Art, Silicon Graffiti or Silicon Doodling. [edit] Key industrial and academic data |[pic] |The lists in this article may contain items that are not notable, encyclopedic, or helpful. Please help out by removing| | |such elements and incorporating appropriate items into the main body of the article. (January 2008) | [edit] Notable ICs Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ The 555 common multivibrator sub-circuit (common in electronic timing circuits) Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ The 741 operational amplifier Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ 7400 series TTL logic building blocks 4000 series, the CMOS counterpart to the 7400 series (see also: 74HC00 series) Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Intel 4004, the worlds first microprocessor, which led to the famous 8080 CPU and then the IBM PCs 8088, 80286, 486 etc. Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ The MOS Technology 6502 and Zilog Z80 microprocessors, used in many home computers of the early 1980s Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ The Motorola 6800 series of computer-related chips, leading to the 68000 and 88000 series (used in some Apple computers). [edit] Manufacturers For a list of microchip manufacturers, see List of integrated circuit manufacturers. VLSI conferences ICM Ã¢â‚¬â€œ IEEE International Conference on Microelectronics Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ ISSCC Ã¢â‚¬â€œ IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ CICC Ã¢â‚¬â€œ IEEE Custom Integrated Circuit Conference Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ ISCAS Ã¢â‚¬â€œ IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ VLSI Ã¢â‚¬â€œ IEEE International Conference on VLSI Design Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ DAC Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Design Automation Conference Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ ICCAD Ã¢â‚¬â€œ International Conference on Computer-Aided Design Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ ESSCIRC Ã¢â‚¬â€œ European Solid-State Circuits Conference Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ ISLPED Ã¢â‚¬â€œ International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ ISPD Ã¢â‚¬â€œ International Symposi um on Physical Design ISQED Ã¢â‚¬â€œ International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ DATE Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Design Automation and Test in Europe Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ ICCD Ã¢â‚¬â€œ International Conference on Computer Design Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ IEDM Ã¢â‚¬â€œ IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ GLSVLSI Ã¢â‚¬â€œ IEEE Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ ASP-DAC Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ MWSCAS Ã¢â‚¬â€œ IEEE Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ ICSVLSI Ã¢â‚¬â€œ IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ IEEE Symposia on VLSI Circuits and Technology [edit] VLSI journals ED Ã¢â‚¬â€œ IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ EDL Ã¢â‚¬â€œ IEEE Electron Device Letters Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ CAD Ã¢â‚¬â€œ IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, IEEE web site for this journal Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ JSSC Ã¢â‚¬â€œ IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ VLSI Ã¢â‚¬â€œ IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ CAS II Ã¢â‚¬â€œ IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ SM Ã¢â‚¬â€œ IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ SSE Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Solid-State Electronics

Saturday, May 16, 2020

Different Definitions of Self-esteem - 691 Words

Current Issues states that Ã¢â‚¬Å"self-esteem refers to the confidence and satisfaction in [themselves]Ã¢â‚¬ (Macmillan 2003). In other words, Current Issues says that self-esteem is made up of confidence and satisfaction in yourself. The definition of self-esteem isnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t constant from person to person because everyone is different. Sixteen year old Breft Greenberg says, Ã¢â‚¬Å"I think itÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s your confidence in yourself and your abilitiesÃ¢â‚¬ (Arbetter 1996). This shows that his definition can be different than the Ã¢â‚¬ËœtrueÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ definition, but it is still correct in his heart. Another person believes that self-esteem is knowing you are worthy of love. There are many different definitions to describe self-esteem and they all tie into each other. Some of them are more in depth than others and others are vague. Close friends can boost oneÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s self-esteem, but peer pressure can lower oneÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s self-esteem. Parents and teachers should be boosting oneÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s self-esteem, but this is not always the case. Some students think that if a teacher gives them a bad grade it is because the teacher doesnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t like them. This will definitely lower their self-esteem. Guilford continues by saying, Ã¢â‚¬Å"students [should be taught] how to accept their natural body shape and sizeÃ¢â‚¬ (Kellahan 2013). Guilford is saying that people should learn to accept themselves and not what others think of them. Students should be taught how to accept themselves as students so they grow up confident in themselves. Something that can help this is teachersShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Self Esteem1630 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 PagesBU 110 25 October 2016 The Importance of Self-Esteem It is often said that if an individual wishes to succeed in life they must have confidence. That in order to handle difficult situations it is confidence that will see them through. But what if thatÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s wrong? What if there was a lesser known, subtly more powerful force that would allow an individual to succeed and be resilient to those difficult situations? Often confused with confidence, it is self-esteem that is a powerful mechanism affecting mentalRead MoreTeaching Professionals Best Assist The Development Of Pupil s Self1691 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 Pagesschool I work at answers the research question: Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Ã¢â‚¬ËœHow can teaching professionals best assist the development of pupilÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s self Ã¢â‚¬â€œ esteem in the classroom? Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ To undertake this research I had two aims: 1. To understand the ways that self- esteem develops and the impact of the classroom experience on self- esteem. 2. To reflect on and improve my own practice with a view to creating an atmosphere in the classroom where the children couldRead MoreMarketing American Culture1175 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 Pageswere sad, because in different cultures, people see depression differently because of various definitions of the condition itself. Depression in the United States is becoming as common as the cold, but only because thatÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s the way depression treatment is marketed. Marketing itself means the methods by which products are advertised and sold, and it is not restricted for just consumer use. In Jean TwengeÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s essay Ã¢â‚¬Å"An Army of One: MeÃ¢â‚¬ , Twenge explores the increase in self-esteem and narcissism acrossRead MoreSelf-Monitoring Effects on Self-Esteem1260 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 Pagesrelationship between self-monitoring and self-esteem. 150 college students from De La Salle University, Manila participated in this study. By using Self-Monitoring Scale (SMS) and Self-Esteem Rating Scale (SERS), the participants were asked to answer these questionnaires. The ratings from the scales were used to measure participantsÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ self-monitoring and self-esteem. Based on the results of this study, coherent with the previous studies on the topic, it could be inferred that self-monitoring of a personRead MoreCorrelation Between Self Esteem And Healthy Individuals996 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 Pagesrelationships have not yet begun to explore the individualÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s self-esteem. As has already been discussed, the research relating to CNM relationships has provided a plethora of information supporting healthy relationships and healthy individuals. The next step is to explore the self-esteem of these CNM individuals. Therefore, the purpose of this research proposal is to explore correlations between self-esteem scores on the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1989) with relationship choice, includingRead MoreNormality and Human Behavior1674 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 PagesÃ¢â‚¬Å"normalÃ¢â‚¬ and Ã¢â‚¬Å"abnormalÃ¢â‚¬ human behaviour. It is very difficult to begin to draw a solid line from where normality begins and finishes becoming abnormal. Through-out time there have been many explanations that try to established a genderalisable definition for abnormal behaviour. One of which is deviation from social norms, under this explanation behaviour is classed as abnormal if it deviates away from the unwritten customary rules of society that a coÃƒ ¶rdinate our behaviour within a particular societyRead MoreThe Causes And Effects Of Low Self Esteem1336 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 PagesThe causes and effects of low self-esteem must be considered to have a deeper understanding regarding the process in achieving healthy ageing. Acknowledging that older adultsÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ self-esteem is part of their overall health is the first step. Further, addressing the factors that contribute to deterioration of self-confidence is fundamental to generate an effective plan of care in increasing self-esteem among older adults. Provision of an effec tive and sensible plan of care conforming to older adultsÃ¢â‚¬â„¢Read MoreConsumers as Individuals Ã¢â‚¬â€œ the Self1498 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 PagesINDIVIDUALS Ã¢â‚¬â€œ THE SELF Self-concept The self-concept refers to the beliefs a person holds about their attributes, and how they evaluate these qualities. Components of the self-concept It is composed of many attributes, some of which are given greater emphasis when the overall self is being evaluated. Attributes of self-concept can be described along such dimensions as their content (for example, facial attractiveness vs. mental aptitude), positivity or negativity (i.e. self-esteem), intensityRead MoreThe Definition of Beauty Essay905 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 PagesSynthesis Essay #2 The definition of beauty is a characteristic of a person, animal, place, object, or idea that provides a perceptual experience of pleasure, meaning, or satisfaction. Beauty has negative and positive influences on mostly people. Beauty is described by the inside and outside of us. Due to beauty, our self-esteem has been hurt dramatically, especially towards girls. Beauty is not always about our outside looks but itÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s about our inside personality also. First of all, beautyRead MoreBody Image vs. Self Esteem1565 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 PagesBODY IMAGE VS. SELF-ESTEEM According to Merriam WebsterÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Dictionary, diet is food and drink regularly provided or consumed. It is also defined as the regimen of eating and drinking sparingly so as to reduce oneÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s weight. The latter definition will be the one used for this research paper. Currently, up to fifty percent of women have tried dieting at some point in their lives and at least 90 percent of teenagers diet regularly. Due to this, the Ã¢â‚¬Å"diet fadÃ¢â‚¬ is worth billions with its government

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

What Factors That Influence Exchange Rates and How Outline

Essays on What Factors That Influence Exchange Rates and How Outline The paper "What Factors That Influence Exchange Rates and How?" is a perfect example of an outline on macro and microeconomics. The health of the economy is determined by a countryÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s exchange rates. However, exchange rates are widely influenced by different factors. Surprisingly, the rates vary from country to country and for any given currency, over time. A. Thesis statement Demand and supply, meaningfully, are the key determiners of the exchange rate. The great demand for goods tends to call for the increased value of the currency. 2. BODYI) Factors That Influence Exchange RatesA. InflationChanges in market demand cause a change in currency exchange rates. A country that experiences low inflation rates often enables an appreciation in the value of its currency (Compare Remit, 2015). Where inflation is low, the prices of goods and services increase at a slower rate. For instance, if the inflation is low in the US, its export will be competitive thus increase in demand. In this case, their imports will be less competitive hence little demand for imports.B. Interest ratesChanges in interest rates influence currency value. The increased rate affects a countryÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s currency. Higher interests invite higher rates to lenders thus attracting more foreign capital (WorldÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Leading Macroeconomic Survey Firm, 2015). For instance, if US interest rates rise relative to elsewhere, it will attract more investors to deposit in US banks. The value of the dollar will increase. C. SpeculationHere, speculators make the substantial thought that there would raise in the currency in the future (CompareRemit, 2015). Therefore, there would be more demand now to make more profit. This increase in demand will cause the value to rise. D. Government InterventionChina is one of the countries that undervalue its currency to make Chinese products more competitive (Economics. Help, 2013). Usually, they do this by buying US dollar assets hence increases the value of the Dollar to Yuan.