Essay In English

Essay In English Real-time last sale information for U.S. stock quotes replicate trades reported via Nasdaq only. Intraday knowledge delayed no less than 15 minutes or per exchange requirements. Avoid the foods on this record, and substitute them with a number of the alternatives I’ve instructed. You’ll hold yourself healthy and reap the advantages of your exercise. This is, perhaps, the only time where such low calorie foods actually work in opposition to you. You need additional grams of protein and fiber to be able to replenish your stores and assist to build muscle tissue. Papers delivered by rush-my-essay are 100% authentic and will cross any plagiarism checks, together with Turnitin. After that, underline key phrases and phrases to just be sure you answer the query appropriately. You may even take a highlighter and highlight any phrases that you need to pay extra attention to. In case you are stuck on comprehending the subject, you may also consult your lecturer and ask for added explanation. But you'll be able to manipulate it as you need by altering order factors, which supplies you management over how a lot you’ll be paying. EduBirdie has a promise - we provide a cash-back guarantee when you detect any issues with your paper. Just tell us and we are going to refund you 100% of your money - no questions asked. Push your nervousness apart and place your order today! Then sit back, loosen up, and watch us creating your paper from scratch. It's essential to spend a few days researching and finding out that subject. It's useful even to collect completely different sources on that topic. It could also be carried out by reviewing your notes, looking by way of associated textbooks, and searching on the Internet. The very first thing you need to do earlier than starting an essay is to grasp your matter. If you don’t like what we deliver, you can ask for amendments for a limiteless number of instances. Our final goal is to fulfill the requirements of each single person. Simply put, NinjaEssays is a large stress aid for college kids at all ranges. What if the deadline doesn’t work for the students? When you obtain them, you possibly can freely use them as your individual because after all â€" you’ve already purchased them. This signifies that every thing we write for you and every thing you inform us from the moment you step foot on the positioning stays confidential â€" forever. Every paper is thorougly checked to ensure that it is one hundred% plagiairsm-free. Pay solely if you end up completely happy with your paper. If you have given your time and energy to an excellent workout, it’s essential to know what to eat after a workout so that you don’t undo all the great work you’ve simply put in. Intraday Data offered by FACTSET and subject to terms of use. Historical and present finish-of-day knowledge offered by FACTSET. It is important to be sure that your grammar and vocabulary is one hundred pc right. You don't want this one mistake to undermine your complete essay. This method, you'll have a recent eye and thoughts to note some mistakes or also change some arguments. An define is great because it provides you a spot to write down all of your primary ideas. After you have provide you with the principle ideas, the only factor left is determining tips on how to hyperlink them creatively. Don't worry about making it excellent since you simply want your concepts to circulate. This paragraph of your essay should usually open up a discussion. Furthermore, your starting sentence should not be generic. It needs to be eye-catching and make the audience need to learn extra. There is not any level in starting writing when you do not absolutely understand the subject.

Essay Writers To Write Your Papers On Any Topics 24

Essay Writers To Write Your Papers On Any Topics 24 Other college students write the introduction after they've written the primary physique of the essay â€" do no matter feels right for you and the piece of work you're writing. You need not fear now, as USAwriters is here to help, the most effective essay Writing service at the click on of your mouse. It’s a unbelievable thought to debate your needs with a couple of writers that are various earlier than making a alternative. The key here is to write about what do you do or who do you flip to whenever you want to be taught more. The widespread app essay prompts are easier to find over the World Wide Web. After you cope with above query, you have to transfer on the subsequent step. Here you need to gather the entire widespread app essay immediate throughout step one. The thought right here is to breakdown these prompts after which search for what exactly does the admission committee requires. Before starting the method, you should determine on what precisely are your objectives, which means where you wish to apply. If you want to apply in the most effective schools, then you have to seek for one of the best faculty software essay prompts . These aren't even comparable for every college and university. For instance, the UC software essay prompts will not be much like BYU software essay prompts. Hence you need to do related research before writing the appliance essay. Further, the commonest prompt is why do you need to purchase a specific tutorial program in the school. However, the incidents or pursuits shared in the essay must be essential to you on a private level. Do not add or make up things that you just assume would possibly look good. The size of the essay is set for a selected objective, as talked about earlier. But if someone nonetheless does not stick with it, the admission officer would, after all, read the essay however really feel that it's unfocused, is rambling and the enhancing is poorly done. Here, you need to keep away from writing about what you suppose may impress the admission officer. The strategy right here is to put in writing about one thing that truly matters to you, one thing that is near your coronary heart. The college admission officers favor those students who're thoughtful about the surroundings they reside in and the world round them. They are extra involved with how you perceive the world you live in and the ideas surrounding them. So you can examine the skills of every essay writer get. Needless to say that this takes time and expertise of more than a thousand of specialists. And we are one hundred% certain that every of them is doing his greatest to make sure quality providers on every degree. To be sure that you get a superb grade that you just deserve, we solely trust the writing to highly qualified and experienced writers. They all have Masters' or Ph.D. levels from prime universities in the USA, the UK, and different English-speaking international locations. It may also be something that you may need done or something that brought on you to realize that truth . The key level here is to explain how this situation brought a change in you and enriched your understanding about yourself and others. It must cowl since when and the way did progress happen as a person, at a personal stage. You can describe here about a transition that had led made a shift from negativity to positivity. Explain how did that change occur, what did you practice on moving in direction of positivity and concentrate on explaining the specific step which kept you growing. The concluding assertion in this software essay must signify the optimistic nature you have since that realization and the gist should say about your maturity. You can write on something that has captivated you as you would get more material to write down and stuff you care about most in your life. After making that distinction, you should choose a particular prompt and then, breakdown this essay immediate. In this context, most prompts are about your personal story, the occasions modified your outlook in life, or radically modified your world view. A thesis is, perhaps, the most important task for college kids. Even should you did not do nicely all these years in faculty, we assure that with our help, you'll create the best paper in your class. Everything you have to know for writing wonderful scholarship essays and college essays. The major focus of your application is on your academic achievement, however here, while writing a regular essay application, you possibly can write about your private growth and maturity. You can focus on an event which sparked your interval of private growth. This may have helped in creating an understanding for yourself and others. It could be the journey from the point of realization till right now or the way in which you had been earlier till the point of realization. It can also encompass the way you view your self now since after you had that realization.

Professional Essay Writers To Assist You!

Professional Essay Writers To Assist You! Our content is developed from scratch by certified writers who are motivated experts in their fields of research. Our authors are licensed and have deep information of each science subject. If you order an essay, will probably be an incredible, professionally-written textual content. When the text is written and despatched, the only creator of it is You. Our skilled team supplies with a large number of works similar to thesis papers, reports, speeches, enterprise papers, dissertations, book critiques and time period papers, essays, research papers additionally. After his final examination, a perfect copy is finally uploaded to your profile. You will have two weeks to assess the obtained essay author’s assist and get free limitless amendments of the doc. Should you be dissatisfied with the product entirely, we are going to return your cost without hesitation. From then on, the customized essay writer will start work on your essay. The size of time needed will depend upon how long you need to give them. The candidates go through a set of writing skills checks, and solely highly certified, skilled writers are taken on board. We will match you up with an experienced and subject-relevant writer to ensure you get the right paper that may meet together with your approval. Our in-house editorial team double checks every paper for plagiarism and writing errors before it hits your account, so you will get an unique, mistake-free piece. Nothing can stand in our method of getting the job done for you. Only extremely certified professionals do the job so that it has high scores and good grades. Attentiveness is another fascinating characteristic for the author. This high quality assists the creator to notice all the interesting moments and small particulars that can take their place of their works. A skilled performer does not think lengthy about work. In fact, a lot of our writers have Master's or doctoral degrees, so you actually will not find this level of experience anywhere else. You don't need to answer all these questions as our skilled essay writers don't ask them. Our mission is to give you the ultimate writing experience, making certain that each requirement is met. At EssayWriter24.Com we imagine that there’s nothing can be better than a satisfied shopper and we go all out to achieve this in our all companies to you. They think logically clearly and focuses their consideration instantly, which hastens their time. Every writer has to own several qualities to turn out to be knowledgeable. The qualities that writers of our company find and develop in themselves are the particular view and thinking, self-group, capability to work when you do not need to, and willingness to be taught. Talent isn't the spotlight of an expert paper writer. Several other important qualities have an effect on the creator’s professionalism. Longer is healthier, but when it's really urgent our writers will happily work to strict deadlines. Usually although, you will find that the essay is completed well before the deadline. The customized essay writers we rent to work for Academized.com must have a minimum of an undergraduate diploma in their chosen field. That method, you know that you're getting a qualified expert in your topic. Not happy with the standard of the service and free revision is not an choice? In the rare event of a substandard high quality of writing, we’ll make a refund or offer you a considerable discount. If you wish to cancel the order earlier than it’s accomplished by the writer, simply contact our Customer Care representative to obtain your full refund. Not a problem for our experienced essay writer with spectacular research expertise. We love challenges and besides them with out hesitation! We are the masters of educational writing and might manage any requirement supplied by your prof. Once the editor’s job is completed, an expert proofreader verifies your paper. We control every author and verify the completed job for errors and plagiarism on devoted service. We guarantee that you simply get a top quality task as a result of it's our interest. The companies of our firm are becoming increasingly needed as a result of students don't have a lot time to complete many tasks on their own.

Essay Writer Pro

Essay Writer Pro The Modes of Discourseâ€"Exposition, Description, Narration, Argumentation â€"are common paper assignments you may encounter in your writing lessons. Although these genres have been criticized by some composition students, the Purdue OWL recognizes the extensive unfold use of those approaches and college students’ need to know and produce them. All the information used by our writers for orders is taken from reliable and truth-checked sources. By this logic, a student who pays a good market price for it has earned whatever grade it brings. The shrewd shopper, it appears, invests the least effort and time necessary to get the products. Many discover themselves questioning who may help me write my essay for application and admission functions. You can study from a professional essay typer about aspects colleges and universities search for when reviewing related essay content. Control the way in which our essays are written â€" from selecting your author to requesting changes till you're joyful. You gained’t discover a higher place on-line to rent an experienced essay writer â€" take a look at all the advantages you’ll get if you depart your project with us. How would a portrait seem like if it had been painted by someone who has absolutely no expertise in that area? I liked the truth that the paper was delivered a few hours earlier than my deadline. You additionally gained’t have to attend till an expert in your subject is free. There’s at all times a author to pick up your order within a few minutes after you made a cost. We’re assured enough that you just’ll benefit from the essay written for you. Help is true not far away on the different finish of the chat field. Reach out to us at any time, and we'll rush to your help. AllEssayWriter.com ranks greater than the remainder of essay writing websites on-line, due to our hi-tech plagiarism scans. We guarantee a hundred% originality in all our essay solutions. At AllEssayWriter.com, we have a strict privacy policy. All you should provide is a good title and detailed data. We offer free revisions of your paper if you want the writer to enhance its quality, correct mistakes, or add more info on a sure topic. We have a huge database of writers proficient in several topics â€" from Accounting to World Literature. The identities of those that rent our essay writers for reasonable rates, are safe with us. Pro essay writers at AllEssayWriter.com have PhDs and other scholarly levels in their respective disciplines. Consult them for foolproof essay solutions that get you the grades you dream of. If cool reductions weren’t enough, we have thrilling cash again provides too. Get an essay writer service with us, and get guaranteed money again offers in your pockets. The objective of an essay is to encourage students to develop ideas and ideas in their writing with the path of little more than their own thoughts . Therefore, essays are concise and require clarity in purpose and direction. This signifies that there is no room for the student’s thoughts to wander or stray from his or her objective; the writing should be deliberate and attention-grabbing. Facts are substantiated with acceptable examples, and citations and reference lists are always added. With our services, you can order essays in essentially the most various, unique themes. Contact the assigned essay author at any time you have to solve completely different issues and watch the process. Every time you rent our writer, expect one of the best match certified expert to write your essay. We hand-choose the world’s best writers so that your essay is worthy of a prime-performing pupil. Each professional author provides higher conditions by offering discounts and totally different bonuses every time. We don't ask questions in regards to the deadline as a result of local writers can handle a paper of any urgency (3-6 hours). Top essay creators can proofread & edit your prepared paper! Our service guarantees enhanced academic performance by enhancing grades and offering new skills. But we all know things happen, that’s why we offer the money-back to any customer on the lookout for one. Our further providers are designed to spice up your paper's high quality. You can choose one or a number of further services on the order kind. At the same time, higher schooling has been transformed into an trade, another sphere of financial activity where goods and companies are purchased and offered.

How Do I Find An Online Essay Writer? <P><

How Do I Find An Online Essay Writer? < If you don’t have pals who can recommend a service they have beforehand used, you will have to spend a while in search of the acceptable possibility. Let’s just say that writing any literary piece is difficult. It may seem unusual that placing your ideas down on paper can be that troublesome. However, once you start brainstorming on what to place in your introduction, you come across the issue of discovering the right words. There can also be the challenge of choosing an appropriate and attention-grabbing topic. You may face the concept that there are no matters left that have not been mentioned before. So, your first question throughout this time should be, why should I look for someone who would write my essay with excellent high quality. Order from us and you may understand why we are the best selection in your customized writing needs. Whether you want a simple high school essay or a PhD-level dissertation, our expert writers are here that will help you out. Besides that, we undertake to satisfy your deadlines, and to put in writing papers which might be properly referenced and properly structured, and are of a excessive educational standard. In addition to that, you want to spend a lot of time that you just don’t have in your busy lifestyle. The best solution for this dilemma is to seek for somebody who would write my dissertation while maintaining the top quality required by the academic committee. If the deadline could be very quick, then the value will be greater and if it has the utmost deadline then the worth might be lesser. Most of one of the best dissertation writing services websites are having their own value calculator displayed on their website to calculate the total price and value after reductions they offer. There is all the time one thing exciting you'll be able to write about even if different students have already expressed their views on this explicit topic. Following the formatting tips just isn't a simple thing to do as properly. Luckily, Cheapwritingservice.org may help you with all of these challenges. Our company delivers solely non-plagiarized academic papers of high quality. Every single document is totally checked to keep away from any type of plagiarism. do away with the distractions to spend less time on writing papers. You simply use a search engine to find the record of well-liked companies and choose the one you like. To get pleasure from scholarships, emphasis on writing has increased significantly. Writing a dissertation and getting the doctorate remains the dream of many individuals who pursue academic research, but the task isn't straightforward as there are many obstacles in the way in which. The first step of the process is to decide on a topic for a research examine and provide a analysis proposal. For a dissertation or thesis, you should do groundbreaking research whereas using earlier research on the topic. To accomplish this purpose, the coed wants to make use of both major and secondary forms of analysis similar to interviews, the usage of questionnaires, and so forth. We ensure that our author hasn't plagiarized the works of others when writing the essay you ordered. Another frequent concern for students, when in search of essay help on-line, is the sharing of their personal info with a 3rd-celebration source. However, with Academic Writing Experts, this is no more a problem. Our firm operates underneath the legal laws of The Data Protection Act, in addition to The Company’s Act. This makes the service legally accountable for the protection of every shopper’s knowledge. The downside is that no all of these providers are reliable. Some of them promise their clients fast delivery after which fail to fulfill the deadline. Others write about a reimbursement guarantee however in relation to refund, they provide you with some legal excuses to avoid it. No, our papers are by no means resold or revealed anywhere else. Unlike lots of our rivals, we do not own or function databases of essays and dissertations. We think it's extremely unethical to place status of our prospects under query. Even probably the most boring matters are fascinating to Chloe when it comes to writing. She started as a contract essay writer with us and now she works full-time as a really distinguished author. The firm, which is frequently investing in its upkeep and up-gradation, is extra reliable. If all the points mentioned above are taken into consideration, the best paper writing service can be easily identified. Proper research and evaluation of which one supplies with professional paper writing is to be recognized, starting from simple to sophisticated or difficult duties. Tight schedules, deadlines, and difficult assignments have amounted to stress in the lives of students. Writing a paper has been a typical task given by professors to evaluate college students' information and writing capability. Madison simply loves writing and her ardour allows her to put in writing good essays. She can write on a wide range of topics, making her an asset to the workplace. Our writing specialists have the knack to craft A-grade essays utterly from scratch, regardless of the problem of your matter or your academic degree. Each essay is unique and written just for the one who orders it. This signifies that an essay you obtain from us won’t be similar to an essay that other our clients will get.

Central Essay Writing Service

Central Essay Writing Service You can change your setting at any time - learn more in our Cookie Policy part. This way, relying on the type of your project, those components could be omitted or modified. Academia is rich in standardized exams, and every of those has specific guidelines to observe. As a student, you could have to be aware of related requirements to meet and be ready for further researching in case something in regards to the task is unclear. You might also wish to contemplate the difference between quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing. Quoting is reserved for strains of text that are identical to an unique piece of writing. Fill in supporting details from your analysis underneath every paragraph. Make positive each paragraph ties back to your thesis and creates a cohesive, understandable essay. Ensure you've transitions between paragraphs so the reader understands how the paper flows from one thought to the subsequent. If you're employed for a less-reputable company, this share may well be much less. In basic, the much less money the client pays per page, the less money you're going to get. Then once more, the quicker you can write, the more money you will make (and that holds true whatever the per-web page price you get). Even though you are dealing with the author's view concerning the question, you need to categorical it in your own phrases. Here's extra on When to Quote, Paraphrase, or Summarize. Now the essay is written, however you're not quite carried out. Reread what you've written, searching for errors and typos. As you move by way of the essay, transition words will be paramount. Can you spot the difference between the fonts under? It's slight, however you can be positive a top-notch teacher can, so ensure you observe the project instructions to the letter. If you have not been set a font, any of those fonts would produce 1,000 words in about 4 pages, as their characters are an identical width and peak and the spacing is identical. Double spaced, 5000 phrases is round 20 pages; single spaced about 10 pages. Examples of 5000 word rely pages embody school theses, dissertation research, or very complete, in-depth blog posts. Cookie Policy We use cookies to enhance your searching expertise on our web site. By staying at WiseEssays.com, you comply with our Cookie Policy. If you've been tasked with an argumentative essay, this is one of the best formula for an Argumentative Essay Outline. Brainstorming could be an effective way to develop a topic extra deeply and to recognize connections between numerous facets of your topic. Write down every little thing that comes to mind as you possibly can always slender these subjects down later. If you've been assigned an argumentative essay, try these Top 10 Argumentative Essay Topics. Students aren't always prepared to share opinions, though. They are principally thinking about reading reviews before hiring a service. If they get what they wanted, they won’t trouble going from one reviewing site to a different to share their constructive impressions. When they are dissatisfied, they will be impressed to warn others against ordering at a sure web site. Transition phrases are the glue that connects each paragraph collectively and prevents the essay from sounding disjointed. Support your thesis adequately with the knowledge in your paragraphs. This is an important sentence in the paragraph that tells readers what the remainder of the paragraph might be about. Paraphrasing is reserved for big sections of someone else's writing that you simply want to convey in your personal words. Summarizing places the details from another person's text into your own phrases.

Cheap Essay Writing Service At $9

Cheap Essay Writing Service At $9 As lengthy as you observe the information shared right here, you will discover one of the best service on your wants. Writers of complicated works, such as theses and dissertations, are expected to offer common and timely drafts of sections and chapters for customer review before continuing to the following one. There’s by no means a incorrect time to ask for your a refund. You can request a full refund till you downloaded the achieved order. I had so much work to do this I didn’t know the way to start. I utilized here and coped with all my duties on time although I didn’t even anticipate this to occur. Regardless of how soon that deadline may be, you can depend on us getting your essay accomplished if you requested. The main reason is usually that such students set themselves too excessive a standard after which panic because they cannot attain it. This may be due to factors such as the worry of the expectations of others or placing too high an expectation on themselves. In quick, you might be your first reader, edit and criticise your personal work to make it better. Sometimes it's helpful to read your essay out loud. Where appropriate use simple and logical language and write in full or complete sentences. Your tutor will have encountered such problems many times, and it is a part of his/her job that can assist you sort them out. If, despite research and good intentions, you cannot appear to get your essay written, and even began, you need to let your tutor know as soon as attainable. You ought to avoid jargon, particularly jargon that is not immediately linked to your subject area. You could be private by providing your individual viewpoint on a difficulty, or by utilizing that view to interpret different authors' work and conclusions. One is that a good essay must be written in a proper, impersonal method with a good scattering of lengthy words and lengthy, difficult sentences. You ought to construct your essay as a sequence of distinct points set out in a rational order. Following these 5 steps will guarantee you could have a brilliant essay. Reading the instructions rigorously- Our experts attend to the task by going through the instructions very carefully. Academic activities always deliver some challenges within the student’s life; certainly one of them isassignment writing. Our professionals are always prepared that will help you with numerous hazy issues if any. If they are not supported by clear terms and situations, the team gained’t respect them. Let us assist you to with your work and you'll by no means once more have to worry about submissions. We cowl essay-writing from elementary faculty through the introductory undergraduate degree . One important method of guiding the reader by way of your essay is through the use of paragraphs. In other words, indicate what has been discovered or accomplished. The conclusion is also an excellent place to say questions which might be left open or additional issues which you recognise, but which don't come inside the scope of your essay. At the end of an essay you need to embody a brief conclusion, the aim of which is to sum up or draw a conclusion from your argument or comparison of viewpoints. All assignments go through plagiarism-detection software program tools by way of a safe web site earlier than they’re sent to you. It could be very useful assist when u have tons of workload. An project proofreading is an efficient method to keep an organized work culture. An essay should be written in a flowing method with each sentence following on logically from the previous one and with applicable signposts to guide the reader. We'll by no means share your email handle and you can unsubscribe at any time. Things happen, so we’re 100% dedicated to showing understanding in any situation. With Essayfreelancewriters you'll neglect about all these troubles! We guarantee that every paper is plagiarism-free and customized-written based mostly in your distinctive necessities and needs. We break down the construction of an essay and present you the way to do it nicely.

Pro Essay Writer Service From Samedayessay

Pro Essay Writer Service From Samedayessay In case you dislike the delivered paper, you'll be able to ask for free revisions of your order throughout the first 14 days or a full refund. To get nearer to the millennial era, the service went through a re-branding course of. We analyzed the feedback provided by our clients to get higher and sustain-to-date. Even although it is a somewhat difficult one, we can help you with it. We take deadlines very critically and are right here to offer you 24-hours essay assist. Once the essay is completed, we'll let you realize and ship over the ultimate draft. Your job as the undergraduate is to learn over the essay carefully. That's because we guarantee that we'll make any amendments you want, as many times as you want them, right up till your deadline. That's as a result of we would like every customer to be delighted with the product we create for them. All you need to do is let us know what needs to be done, and we'll make the changes for you. You can then take that essay and submit it for marking. Once you declare it finished, that essay is yours to do with as you please. Quoting is reserved for lines of text which are equivalent to an unique piece of writing. Paraphrasing is reserved for large sections of another person's writing that you just want to convey in your individual words. Summarizing puts the details from another person's text into your personal phrases. Transition phrases are the glue that connects every paragraph together and prevents the essay from sounding disjointed. Fill in supporting details out of your analysis beneath each paragraph. Make positive each paragraph ties again to your thesis and creates a cohesive, comprehensible essay. An on-line order type made the workflow far more efficient. The must e-mail or cellphone the manager to position your order disappeared. Your paper might be written from scratch following supplied necessities. I was greater than what I anticipated when reading via the paper. You may also want to contemplate the distinction between quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing. Here's more on When to Quote, Paraphrase, or Summarize. Now the essay is written, but you're not fairly done. Reread what you have written, looking for errors and typos. As you progress through the essay, transition words shall be paramount. We have 1000's of regulars yearly and all of them have entry to great discounts that are part of our loyalty program. Papers have by no means been higher and extra affordable than this! If you desire a combination of great pricing and even larger quality, BestEssays.com.au is the company to rent to supply it. You get the best high quality for an reasonably priced average value. Therefore, we guarantee that no third celebration will get to find out about it. Of course, you may tell them yourself, however will probably be your fault then. It’s a joke, however we hope you perceive that there is some sense in it. This is a paper that is required to be written within the final levels of schooling. Ensure you have transitions between paragraphs so the reader understands how the paper flows from one concept to the following. If you have been tasked with an argumentative essay, here is the best method for an Argumentative Essay Outline. If you've been assigned an argumentative essay, check out these Top 10 Argumentative Essay Topics. We grant reductions to welcome new prospects, but at all times respect the loyalty of those who come back for essay help as a result of they belief us. We'll rewrite your paper for free or you'll get a refund. We perceive that you want all the knowledge and the actual fact you used our service to be left confidential.

Great Strategies To Write Great Essays Online

Great Strategies To Write Great Essays Online You will need to be sure that the essay writer is ready to make the most effective of the talents in providing you. You are not looking for someone that’s simply going to skim over the work and go away you unhappy with the result. Make positive the essay is written with the highest high quality of writing potential. Moreover we now have experience in any type of homework, whatever the subject is. We never disappoint our shoppers; we ensure they get what they deserve. But don’t simply take our word for that â€" have a look at the critiques left for us by our customers. These testimonials are left by college students just like you who return us again and again as a result of they know our writers won’t be crushed. Tried the service for three times and all the time was happy. It is not a problem should you have no idea enough in any particular subject, especially if it is one of the STEMs or another advanced topic. We hire professional writers who've high expertise in a number of disciplines. When you place an order, we will assign you the writer who is aware of the required area greatest. Have you ever considered asking knowledgeable essay author to complete your paper? As a pupil, you’re alleged to deliver your assignments on time. Legal essay services are conscious of the significance of deadlines and do their greatest to finish the work on-time. Our costs are already very low cost as a result of we know that college students hardly earn money throughout their studies. In comparison to different firms, we are the cheapest paper writing service. Still, we carry on providing reductions often. We hold emailing our shoppers in order that they can avail completely different discount presents. You’ll want to attend until the article has been finished, if the writer doesn’t supply this feature. Then it is a unbelievable idea to work with a author rather than an web essay writer in Australia if you don't have the time to wait. The finest essay writing assistance will supply samples of labor. You might discover that a writer doesn’t provide a great deal of examples, however rather supplies you. Make certain to learn the sample over and see what you think. Everyone has a unique idea on what constitutes good writing, however there are basic tips to make your tone and voice in writing higher have your point come across extra clearly. William Zinsser’s guide On Writing Well touches upon tips on construction and composition in a way that makes it straightforward even for non-professional writers to understand. A favorite amongst editors and journalists in all places, this book has stood the check of time as extra folks discover new ways and avenues for their writing corresponding to running a blog and social media. Perhaps no self-respecting author, newbie or in any other case, may declare to not have learn this iconic book on writing. Packed with helpful suggestions written in a easy and easy-to-learn manner, this has been a favorite go-to for both skilled and casual writers alike. We have skilled paper writers in almost every subject. We assign your duties to one of the best writers available at that time. We present academic writing service that is a dire want of every scholar i.e. cheap, reliable and fast. Whenever you're looking for a cheap paper writing service that meet your necessities, we assure you that we might be your best option. You must also point out any particular instructions or tips that you really want the writer to know in order that your paper will end up exactly as the way you like it. So sure, you might find low cost essay writers on different sites, but you'll not discover any writers who will do a greater job, therefore, you won’t discover higher worth for cash. Anyone can sit and record details, the trick to writing a good essay is to make it attention-grabbing sufficient that folks actually need to read it. Our clients know that once they use us, they are getting a prime rated writer who won’t allow them to down. Only authentic content material â€" our essays will solely be original and plagiarism free. Our essay writers use appropriate referencing formats that comply with university standards â€" always. Some on-line essay authors will be ready to e-mail you the finished essay after it has been written. The writers have been polite to me and I favored working with them. Once when I needed enhancements the writer amended the textual content really quickly proper after my request. 24/7 help â€" our group of writers are available everytime you want them, it doesn't matter what time of day. If you have a last-minute request at 4 am, don’t fear because we’ll be here to assist. Customer service is essential to us, which is why we're here whenever you need, we wish you to really feel totally supported each step of the way.

Great Strategies To Write Great Essays Online

Great Strategies To Write Great Essays Online You will need to be sure that the essay writer is ready to make the most effective of the talents in providing you. You are not looking for someone that’s simply going to skim over the work and go away you unhappy with the result. Make positive the essay is written with the highest high quality of writing potential. Moreover we now have experience in any type of homework, whatever the subject is. We never disappoint our shoppers; we ensure they get what they deserve. But don’t simply take our word for that â€" have a look at the critiques left for us by our customers. These testimonials are left by college students just like you who return us again and again as a result of they know our writers won’t be crushed. Tried the service for three times and all the time was happy. It is not a problem should you have no idea enough in any particular subject, especially if it is one of the STEMs or another advanced topic. We hire professional writers who've high expertise in a number of disciplines. When you place an order, we will assign you the writer who is aware of the required area greatest. Have you ever considered asking knowledgeable essay author to complete your paper? As a pupil, you’re alleged to deliver your assignments on time. Legal essay services are conscious of the significance of deadlines and do their greatest to finish the work on-time. Our costs are already very low cost as a result of we know that college students hardly earn money throughout their studies. In comparison to different firms, we are the cheapest paper writing service. Still, we carry on providing reductions often. We hold emailing our shoppers in order that they can avail completely different discount presents. You’ll want to attend until the article has been finished, if the writer doesn’t supply this feature. Then it is a unbelievable idea to work with a author rather than an web essay writer in Australia if you don't have the time to wait. The finest essay writing assistance will supply samples of labor. You might discover that a writer doesn’t provide a great deal of examples, however rather supplies you. Make certain to learn the sample over and see what you think. Everyone has a unique idea on what constitutes good writing, however there are basic tips to make your tone and voice in writing higher have your point come across extra clearly. William Zinsser’s guide On Writing Well touches upon tips on construction and composition in a way that makes it straightforward even for non-professional writers to understand. A favorite amongst editors and journalists in all places, this book has stood the check of time as extra folks discover new ways and avenues for their writing corresponding to running a blog and social media. Perhaps no self-respecting author, newbie or in any other case, may declare to not have learn this iconic book on writing. Packed with helpful suggestions written in a easy and easy-to-learn manner, this has been a favorite go-to for both skilled and casual writers alike. We have skilled paper writers in almost every subject. We assign your duties to one of the best writers available at that time. We present academic writing service that is a dire want of every scholar i.e. cheap, reliable and fast. Whenever you're looking for a cheap paper writing service that meet your necessities, we assure you that we might be your best option. You must also point out any particular instructions or tips that you really want the writer to know in order that your paper will end up exactly as the way you like it. So sure, you might find low cost essay writers on different sites, but you'll not discover any writers who will do a greater job, therefore, you won’t discover higher worth for cash. Anyone can sit and record details, the trick to writing a good essay is to make it attention-grabbing sufficient that folks actually need to read it. Our clients know that once they use us, they are getting a prime rated writer who won’t allow them to down. Only authentic content material â€" our essays will solely be original and plagiarism free. Our essay writers use appropriate referencing formats that comply with university standards â€" always. Some on-line essay authors will be ready to e-mail you the finished essay after it has been written. The writers have been polite to me and I favored working with them. Once when I needed enhancements the writer amended the textual content really quickly proper after my request. 24/7 help â€" our group of writers are available everytime you want them, it doesn't matter what time of day. If you have a last-minute request at 4 am, don’t fear because we’ll be here to assist. Customer service is essential to us, which is why we're here whenever you need, we wish you to really feel totally supported each step of the way.

Great Strategies To Write Great Essays Online

Great Strategies To Write Great Essays Online You will need to be sure that the essay writer is ready to make the most effective of the talents in providing you. You are not looking for someone that’s simply going to skim over the work and go away you unhappy with the result. Make positive the essay is written with the highest high quality of writing potential. Moreover we now have experience in any type of homework, whatever the subject is. We never disappoint our shoppers; we ensure they get what they deserve. But don’t simply take our word for that â€" have a look at the critiques left for us by our customers. These testimonials are left by college students just like you who return us again and again as a result of they know our writers won’t be crushed. Tried the service for three times and all the time was happy. It is not a problem should you have no idea enough in any particular subject, especially if it is one of the STEMs or another advanced topic. We hire professional writers who've high expertise in a number of disciplines. When you place an order, we will assign you the writer who is aware of the required area greatest. Have you ever considered asking knowledgeable essay author to complete your paper? As a pupil, you’re alleged to deliver your assignments on time. Legal essay services are conscious of the significance of deadlines and do their greatest to finish the work on-time. Our costs are already very low cost as a result of we know that college students hardly earn money throughout their studies. In comparison to different firms, we are the cheapest paper writing service. Still, we carry on providing reductions often. We hold emailing our shoppers in order that they can avail completely different discount presents. You’ll want to attend until the article has been finished, if the writer doesn’t supply this feature. Then it is a unbelievable idea to work with a author rather than an web essay writer in Australia if you don't have the time to wait. The finest essay writing assistance will supply samples of labor. You might discover that a writer doesn’t provide a great deal of examples, however rather supplies you. Make certain to learn the sample over and see what you think. Everyone has a unique idea on what constitutes good writing, however there are basic tips to make your tone and voice in writing higher have your point come across extra clearly. William Zinsser’s guide On Writing Well touches upon tips on construction and composition in a way that makes it straightforward even for non-professional writers to understand. A favorite amongst editors and journalists in all places, this book has stood the check of time as extra folks discover new ways and avenues for their writing corresponding to running a blog and social media. Perhaps no self-respecting author, newbie or in any other case, may declare to not have learn this iconic book on writing. Packed with helpful suggestions written in a easy and easy-to-learn manner, this has been a favorite go-to for both skilled and casual writers alike. We have skilled paper writers in almost every subject. We assign your duties to one of the best writers available at that time. We present academic writing service that is a dire want of every scholar i.e. cheap, reliable and fast. Whenever you're looking for a cheap paper writing service that meet your necessities, we assure you that we might be your best option. You must also point out any particular instructions or tips that you really want the writer to know in order that your paper will end up exactly as the way you like it. So sure, you might find low cost essay writers on different sites, but you'll not discover any writers who will do a greater job, therefore, you won’t discover higher worth for cash. Anyone can sit and record details, the trick to writing a good essay is to make it attention-grabbing sufficient that folks actually need to read it. Our clients know that once they use us, they are getting a prime rated writer who won’t allow them to down. Only authentic content material â€" our essays will solely be original and plagiarism free. Our essay writers use appropriate referencing formats that comply with university standards â€" always. Some on-line essay authors will be ready to e-mail you the finished essay after it has been written. The writers have been polite to me and I favored working with them. Once when I needed enhancements the writer amended the textual content really quickly proper after my request. 24/7 help â€" our group of writers are available everytime you want them, it doesn't matter what time of day. If you have a last-minute request at 4 am, don’t fear because we’ll be here to assist. Customer service is essential to us, which is why we're here whenever you need, we wish you to really feel totally supported each step of the way.

In electronics, an integrated circuit - Free Essay Example

In electronics, an integrated circuit (also known as IC, microcircuit, microchip, silicon chip, or chip) is a miniaturized electronic circuit (consisting mainly of semiconductor devices, as well as passive components) that has been manufactured in the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material. Integrated circuits are used in almost all electronic equipment in use today and have revolutionized the world of electronics. A hybrid integrated circuit is a miniaturized electronic circuit constructed of individual semiconductor devices, as well as passive components, bonded to a substrate or circuit board. Contents | |[hide] | |1 Introduction | |2 Invention | |3 Generations | |3. 1 SSI, MSI and LSI | |3. 2 VLSI | |3. ULSI, WSI, SOC and 3D-IC | |4 Advances in integrated circuits | |5 Popularity of ICs | |6 Classification | |7 Manufacturing | |7. 1 Fabrication | |7. 2 Packaging | |7. Chip labeling and manufacture date | |8 Legal protection of semiconductor chip layouts | | 9 Other developments | |10 Silicon labelling and graffiti | |11 Key industrial and academic data | |11. 1 Notable ICs | |11. 2 Manufacturers | |11. VLSI conferences | |11. 4 VLSI journals | |12 See also | |13 References | |14 Further reading | |15 External links | Introduction [pic] [pic] Synthetic detail of an integrated circuit through four layers of planarized copper interconnect, down to the polysilicon (pink), wells (greyish), and substrate (green). Integrated circuits were made possible by experimental discoveries which showed that semiconductor devices could perform the functions of vacuum tubes and by mid-20th-century technology advancements in semiconductor device fabrication. The integration of large numbers of tiny transistors into a small chip was an enormous improvement over the manual assembly of circuits using electronic components. The integrated circuits mass production capability, reliability, and building-block approach to circuit design ensured the rapid adopt ion of standardized ICs in place of designs using discrete transistors. There are two main advantages of ICs over discrete circuits: cost and performance. Cost is low because the chips, with all their components, are printed as a unit by photolithography and not constructed as one transistor at a time. Furthermore, much less material is used to construct a circuit as a packaged IC die than as a discrete circuit. Performance is high since the components switch quickly and consume little power (compared to their discrete counterparts) because the components are small and close together. As of 2006, chip areas range from a few square millimeters to around 350  mm2, with up to 1 million transistors per mm2. [edit] Invention [pic] [pic] Jack Kilbys original integrated circuit The idea of the integrated circuit was conceived by a radar scientist working for the Royal Radar Establishment of the British Ministry of Defence, Geoffrey W. A. Dummer (1909–2002), who published it at the Symposium on Progress in Quality Electronic Components in Washington, D. C. on May 7, 1952. [1] He gave many symposia publicly to propagate his ideas. Dummer unsuccessfully attempted to build such a circuit in 1956. Jack Kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated circuit in July 1958 and successfully demonstrated the first working integrated circuit on September 12, 1958. [2] In his patent application of February 6, 1959, Kilby described his new device as â€Å"a body of semiconductor material wherein all the components of the electronic circuit are completely integrated. † [3] Kilby won the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics for his part of the invention of the integrated circuit. [4] Robert Noyce also came up with his own idea of an integrated circuit half a year later than Kilby. Noyces chip solved many practical problems that Kilbys had not. Noyces chip, made at Fairchild Semiconductor, was made of silicon, whereas Kilbys chip was made of germanium. Early developments of the integrated circuit go back to 1949, when the German engineer Werner Jacobi (Siemens AG) filed a patent for an integrated-circuit-like semiconductor amplifying device [5] showing five transistors on a common substrate arranged in a 2-stage amplifier arrangement. Jacobi discloses small and cheap hearing aids as typical industrial applications of his patent. A commercial use of his patent has not been reported. A precursor idea to the IC was to create small ceramic squares (wafers), each one containing a single miniaturized component. Components could then be integrated and wired into a bidimensional or tridimensional compact grid. This idea, which looked very promising in 1957, was proposed to the US Army by Jack Kilby, and led to the short-lived Micromodule Program (similar to 1951s Project Tinkertoy). [6] However, as the project was gaining momentum, Kilby came up with a new, revolutionary design: the IC. Robert Noyce credited Kurt Lehovec of Sprague Electric for the principle of p-n junction isolation caused by the action of a biased p-n junction (the diode) as a key concept behind the IC. [7] See: Other variations of vacuum tubes for precursor concepts such as the Loewe 3NF. enerations [edit] SSI, MSI and LSI The first integrated circuits contained only a few transistors. Called Small-Scale Integration (SSI), digital circuits containing transistors numbering in the tens provided a few logic gates for example, while early linear ICs such as the Plessey SL201 or the Philips TAA320 had as few as two transistors. The term Large Scale Integration was first used by IBM scientist Rolf Landauer when describing the theoretical concept, from there came the terms for SSI, MSI, VLSI, and ULSI. SSI circuits were crucial to early aerospace projects, and vice-versa. Both the Minuteman missile and Apollo program needed lightweight digital computers for their inertial guidance systems; the Apollo guidance computer led and motivated the int egrated-circuit technology[citation needed], while the Minuteman missile forced it into mass-production. These programs purchased almost all of the available integrated circuits from 1960 through 1963, and almost alone provided the demand that funded the production improvements to reduce production costs from $1000/circuit (in 1960 dollars) to merely $25/circuit (in 1963 dollars). [citation needed] They began to appear in consumer products at the turn of the decade, a typical application being FM inter-carrier sound processing in television receivers. The next step in the development of integrated circuits, taken in the late 1960s, introduced devices which contained hundreds of transistors on each chip, called Medium-Scale Integration (MSI). They were attractive economically because while they cost little more to produce than SSI devices, they allowed more complex systems to be produced using smaller circuit boards, less assembly work (because of fewer separate components), an d a number of other advantages. Further development, driven by the same economic factors, led to Large-Scale Integration (LSI) in the mid 1970s, with tens of thousands of transistors per chip. Integrated circuits such as 1K-bit RAMs, calculator chips, and the first microprocessors, that began to be manufactured in moderate quantities in the early 1970s, had under 4000 transistors. True LSI circuits, approaching 10000 transistors, began to be produced around 1974, for computer main memories and second-generation microprocessors. [edit] VLSI Main article: Very-large-scale integration [pic] [pic] Upper interconnect layers on an Intel 80486DX2 microprocessor die. The final step in the development process, starting in the 1980s and continuing through the present, was very large-scale integration (VLSI). The development started with hundreds of thousands of transistors in the early 1980s, and continues beyond several billion transistors as of 2009. There was no single breakthrough t hat allowed this increase in complexity, though many factors helped. Manufacturers moved to smaller rules and cleaner fabs, so that they could make chips with more transistors and maintain adequate yield. The path of process improvements was summarized by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS). Design tools improved enough to make it practical to finish these designs in a reasonable time. The more energy efficient CMOS replaced NMOS and PMOS, avoiding a prohibitive increase in power consumption. Better texts such as the landmark textbook by Mead and Conway helped schools educate more designers, among other factors. In 1986 the first one megabit RAM chips were introduced, which contained more than one million transistors. Microprocessor chips passed the million transistor mark in 1989 and the billion transistor mark in 2005[8]. The trend continues largely unabated, with chips introduced in 2007 containing tens of billions of memory transistors [9]. [edit] U LSI, WSI, SOC and 3D-IC ULSI, WSI, SOC and 3D-IC To reflect further growth of the complexity, the term ULSI that stands for ultra-large-scale integration was proposed for chips of complexity of more than 1 million transistors. Wafer-scale integration (WSI) is a system of building very-large integrated circuits that uses an entire silicon wafer to produce a single super-chip. Through a combination of large size and reduced packaging, WSI could lead to dramatically reduced costs for some systems, notably massively parallel supercomputers. The name is taken from the term Very-Large-Scale Integration, the current state of the art when WSI was being developed. A system-on-a-chip (SoC or SOC) is an integrated circuit in which all the components needed for a computer or other system are included on a single chip. The design of such a device can be complex and costly, and building disparate components on a single piece of silicon may compromise the efficiency of some elements. However , these drawbacks are offset by lower manufacturing and assembly costs and by a greatly reduced power budget: because signals among the components are kept on-die, much less power is required (see Packaging). A three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D-IC) has two or more layers of active electronic components that are integrated both vertically and horizontally into a single circuit. Communication between layers uses on-die signaling, so power consumption is much lower than in equivalent separate circuits. Judicious use of short vertical wires can substantially reduce overall wire length for faster operation Advances in integrated circuits [pic] [pic] The die from an Intel 8742, an 8-bit microcontroller that includes a CPU running at 12 MHz, 128 bytes of RAM, 2048 bytes of EPROM, and I/O in the same chip. Among the most advanced integrated circuits are the microprocessors or cores, which control everything from computers to cellular phones to digital microwave ovens. Digital m emory chips and ASICs are examples of other families of integrated circuits that are important to the modern information society. While the cost of designing and developing a complex integrated circuit is quite high, when spread across typically millions of production units the individual IC cost is minimized. The performance of ICs is high because the small size allows short traces which in turn allows low power logic (such as CMOS) to be used at fast switching speeds. ICs have consistently migrated to smaller feature sizes over the years, allowing more circuitry to be packed on each chip. This increased capacity per unit area can be used to decrease cost and/or increase functionality—see Moores law which, in its modern interpretation, states that the number of transistors in an integrated circuit doubles every two years. In general, as the feature size shrinks, almost everything improves—the cost per unit and the switching power consumption go down, and the speed goes up. However, ICs with nanometer-scale devices are not without their problems, principal among which is leakage current (see subthreshold leakage for a discussion of this), although these problems are not insurmountable and will likely be solved or at least ameliorated by the introduction of high-k dielectrics. Since these speed and power consumption gains are apparent to the end user, there is fierce competition among the manufacturers to use finer geometries. This process, and the expected progress over the next few years, is well described by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS). edit] Popularity of ICs Only a half century after their development was initiated, integrated circuits have become ubiquitous. Computers, cellular phones, and other digital appliances are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies. That is, modern computing, communications, manufacturing and transport systems, including the Internet, all depend on the exi stence of integrated circuits. Classification [pic] [pic] A CMOS 4000 IC in a DIP Integrated circuits can be classified into analog, digital and mixed signal (both analog and digital on the same chip). Digital integrated circuits can contain anything from one to millions of logic gates, flip-flops, multiplexers, and other circuits in a few square millimeters. The small size of these circuits allows high speed, low power dissipation, and reduced manufacturing cost compared with board-level integration. These digital ICs, typically microprocessors, DSPs, and micro controllers work using binary mathematics to process one and zero signals. Analog ICs, such as sensors, power management circuits, and operational amplifiers, work by processing continuous signals. They perform functions like amplification, active filtering, demodulation, mixing, etc. Analog ICs ease the burden on circuit designers by having expertly designed analog circuits available instead of designing a difficult a nalog circuit from scratch. ICs can also combine analog and digital circuits on a single chip to create functions such as A/D converters and D/A converters. Such circuits offer smaller size and lower cost, but must carefully account for signal interference. Manufacturing [edit] Fabrication Main article: Semiconductor fabrication [pic] [pic] Rendering of a small standard cell with three metal layers (dielectric has been removed). The sand-colored structures are metal interconnect, with the vertical pillars being contacts, typically plugs of tungsten. The reddish structures are polysilicon gates, and the solid at the bottom is the crystalline silicon bulk. [pic] [pic] Schematic structure of a CMOS chip, as built in the early 2000s. The graphic shows LDD-MISFETs on an SOI substrate with five metallization layers and solder bump for flip-chip bonding. It also shows the section for FEOL (front-end of line), BEOL (back-end of line) and first parts of back-end process. The semiconduc tors of the periodic table of the chemical elements were identified as the most likely materials for a solid state vacuum tube by researchers like William Shockley at Bell Laboratories starting in the 1930s. Starting with copper oxide, proceeding to germanium, then silicon, the materials were systematically studied in the 1940s and 1950s. Today, silicon monocrystals are the main substrate used for integrated circuits (ICs) although some III-V compounds of the periodic table such as gallium arsenide are used for specialized applications like LEDs, lasers, solar cells and the highest-speed integrated circuits. It took decades to perfect methods of creating crystals without defects in the crystalline structure of the semiconducting material. Semiconductor ICs are fabricated in a layer process which includes these key process steps: †¢ Imaging †¢ Deposition †¢ Etching The main process steps are supplemented by doping and cleaning. Mono-crystal silicon wafers (or for sp ecial applications, silicon on sapphire or gallium arsenide wafers) are used as the substrate. Photolithography is used to mark different areas of the substrate to be doped or to have polysilicon, insulators or metal (typically aluminium) tracks deposited on them. Integrated circuits are composed of many overlapping layers, each defined by photolithography, and normally shown in different colors. Some layers mark where various dopants are diffused into the substrate (called diffusion layers), some define where additional ions are implanted (implant layers), some define the conductors (polysilicon or metal layers), and some define the connections between the conducting layers (via or contact layers). All components are constructed from a specific combination of these layers. In a self-aligned CMOS process, a transistor is formed wherever the gate layer (polysilicon or metal) crosses a diffusion layer. †¢ Capacitive structures, in form very much like the parallel conducting plate s of a traditional electrical capacitor, are formed according to the area of the plates, with insulating material between the plates. Capacitors of a wide range of sizes are common on ICs. †¢ Meandering stripes of varying lengths are sometimes used to form on-chip resistors, though most logic circuits do not need any resistors. The ratio of the length of the resistive structure to its width, combined with its sheet resistivity, determines the resistance. †¢ More rarely, inductive structures can be built as tiny on-chip coils, or simulated by gyrators. Since a CMOS device only draws current on the transition between logic states, CMOS devices consume much less current than bipolar devices. A random access memory is the most regular type of integrated circuit; the highest density devices are thus memories; but even a microprocessor will have memory on the chip. (See the regular array structure at the bottom of the first image. Although the structures are intricate  œ with widths which have been shrinking for decades – the layers remain much thinner than the device widths. The layers of material are fabricated much like a photographic process, although light waves in the visible spectrum cannot be used to expose a layer of material, as they would be too large for the features. Thus photons of higher frequencies (typically ultraviolet) are used to create the patterns for each layer. Because each feature is so small, electron microscopes are essential tools for a process engineer who might be debugging a fabrication process. Each device is tested before packaging using automated test equipment (ATE), in a process known as wafer testing, or wafer probing. The wafer is then cut into rectangular blocks, each of which is called a die. Each good die (plural dice, dies, or die) is then connected into a package using aluminium (or gold) bond wires which are welded and/or Thermosonic Bonded to pads, usually found around the edge of the die. Aft er packaging, the devices go through final testing on the same or similar ATE used during wafer probing. Test cost can account for over 25% of the cost of fabrication on lower cost products, but can be negligible on low yielding, larger, and/or higher cost devices. As of 2005, a fabrication facility (commonly known as a semiconductor lab) costs over a billion US Dollars to construct[10], because much of the operation is automated. The most advanced processes employ the following techniques: †¢ The wafers are up to 300  mm in diameter (wider than a common dinner plate). †¢ Use of 65 nanometer or smaller chip manufacturing process. Intel, IBM, NEC, and AMD are using 45 nanometers for their CPU chips. IBM and AMD are in development of a 45  nm process using immersion lithography. †¢ Copper interconnects where copper wiring replaces aluminium for interconnects. †¢ Low-K dielectric insulators. †¢ Silicon on insulator (SOI) †¢ Strained silicon in a process used by IBM known as strained silicon directly on insulator (SSDOI) Packaging Main article: Integrated circuit packaging [pic] [pic] Early USSR made integrated circuit The earliest integrated circuits were packaged in ceramic flat packs, which continued to be used by the military for their reliability and small size for many years. Commercial circuit packaging quickly moved to the dual in-line package (DIP), first in ceramic and later in plastic. In the 1980s pin counts of VLSI circuits exceeded the practical limit for DIP packaging, leading to pin grid array (PGA) and leadless chip carrier (LCC) packages. Surface mount packaging appeared in the early 1980s and became popular in the late 1980s, using finer lead pitch with leads formed as either gull-wing or J-lead, as exemplified by small-outline integrated circuit a carrier which occupies an area about 30 – 50% less than an equivalent DIP, with a typical thickness that is 70% less. This package has gull wing l eads protruding from the two long sides and a lead spacing of 0. 050  inches. In the late 1990s, PQFP and TSOP packages became the most common for high pin count devices, though PGA packages are still often used for high-end microprocessors. Intel and AMD are currently transitioning from PGA packages on high-end microprocessors to land grid array (LGA) packages. Ball grid array (BGA) packages have existed since the 1970s. Flip-chip Ball Grid Array packages, which allow for much higher pin count than other package types, were developed in the 1990s. In an FCBGA package the die is mounted upside-down (flipped) and connects to the package balls via a package substrate that is similar to a printed-circuit board rather than by wires. FCBGA packages allow an array of input-output signals (called Area-I/O) to be distributed over the entire die rather than being confined to the die periphery. Traces out of the die, through the package, and into the printed circuit board have very diffe rent electrical properties, compared to on-chip signals. They require special design techniques and need much more electric power than signals confined to the chip itself. When multiple dies are put in one package, it is called SiP, for System In Package. When multiple dies are combined on a small substrate, often ceramic, its called an MCM, or Multi-Chip Module. The boundary between a big MCM and a small printed circuit board is sometimes fuzzy. [edit] Chip labeling and manufacture date Most integrated circuits large enough to include identifying information include four common sections: the manufacturers name or logo, the part number, a part production batch number and/or serial number, and a four-digit code that identifies when the chip was manufactured. Extremely small surface mount technology parts often bear only a number used in a manufacturers lookup table to find the chip characteristics. The manufacturing date is commonly represented as a two-digit year followed by a two-digit week code, such that a part bearing the code 8341 was manufactured in week 41 of 1983, or approximately in October 1983. Packaging Main article: Integrated circuit packaging [pic] [pic] Early USSR made integrated circuit The earliest integrated circuits were packaged in ceramic flat packs, which continued to be used by the military for their reliability and small size for many years. Commercial circuit packaging quickly moved to the dual in-line package (DIP), first in ceramic and later in plastic. In the 1980s pin counts of VLSI circuits exceeded the practical limit for DIP packaging, leading to pin grid array (PGA) and leadless chip carrier (LCC) packages. Surface mount packaging appeared in the early 1980s and became popular in the late 1980s, using finer lead pitch with leads formed as either gull-wing or J-lead, as exemplified by small-outline integrated circuit a carrier which occupies an area about 30 – 50% less than an equivalent DIP, with a typical thi ckness that is 70% less. This package has gull wing leads protruding from the two long sides and a lead spacing of 0. 050  inches. In the late 1990s, PQFP and TSOP packages became the most common for high pin count devices, though PGA packages are still often used for high-end microprocessors. Intel and AMD are currently transitioning from PGA packages on high-end microprocessors to land grid array (LGA) packages. Ball grid array (BGA) packages have existed since the 1970s. Flip-chip Ball Grid Array packages, which allow for much higher pin count than other package types, were developed in the 1990s. In an FCBGA package the die is mounted upside-down (flipped) and connects to the package balls via a package substrate that is similar to a printed-circuit board rather than by wires. FCBGA packages allow an array of input-output signals (called Area-I/O) to be distributed over the entire die rather than being confined to the die periphery. Traces out of the die, through the pac kage, and into the printed circuit board have very different electrical properties, compared to on-chip signals. They require special design techniques and need much more electric power than signals confined to the chip itself. When multiple dies are put in one package, it is called SiP, for System In Package. When multiple dies are combined on a small substrate, often ceramic, its called an MCM, or Multi-Chip Module. The boundary between a big MCM and a small printed circuit board is sometimes fuzzy. [edit] Chip labeling and manufacture date Most integrated circuits large enough to include identifying information include four common sections: the manufacturers name or logo, the part number, a part production batch number and/or serial number, and a four-digit code that identifies when the chip was manufactured. Extremely small surface mount technology parts often bear only a number used in a manufacturers lookup table to find the chip characteristics. The manufacturing date i s commonly represented as a two-digit year followed by a two-digit week code, such that a part bearing the code 8341 was manufactured in week 41 of 1983, or approximately in October 1983. Legal protection of semiconductor chip layouts Main article: Semiconductor Chip Protection Act of 1984 Prior to 1984, it was not necessarily illegal to produce a competing chip with an identical layout. As the legislative history for the Semiconductor Chip Protection Act of 1984, or SCPA, explained, patent and copyright protection for chip layouts, or topographies, were largely unavailable. This led to considerable complaint by U. S. chip manufacturers—notably, Intel, which took the lead in seeking legislation, along with the Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA)against what they termed chip piracy. A 1984 addition to US law, the SCPA, made all so-called mask works (i. e. , chip topographies) protectable if registered with the U. S. Copyright Office. Similar rules apply in most oth er countries that manufacture ICs. (This is a simplified explanation see SCPA for legal details. ) [edit] Other developments In the 1980s, programmable integrated circuits were developed. These devices contain circuits whose logical function and connectivity can be programmed by the user, rather than being fixed by the integrated circuit manufacturer. This allows a single chip to be programmed to implement different LSI-type functions such as logic gates, adders and registers. Current devices named FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays) can now implement tens of thousands of LSI circuits in parallel and operate up to 550  MHz. The techniques perfected by the integrated circuits industry over the last three decades have been used to create microscopic machines, known as MEMS. These devices are used in a variety of commercial and military applications. Example commercial applications include DLP projectors, inkjet printers, and accelerometers used to deploy automobile airbags. In the past, radios could not be fabricated in the same low-cost processes as microprocessors. But since 1998, a large number of radio chips have been developed using CMOS processes. Examples include Intels DECT cordless phone, or Atheross 802. 11 card. Future developments seem to follow the multi-core multi-microprocessor paradigm, already used by the Intel and AMD dual-core processors. Intel recently unveiled a prototype, not for commercial sale chip that bears a staggering 80 microprocessors. Each core is capable of handling its own task independently of the others. This is in response to the heat-versus-speed limit that is about to be reached using existing transistor technology. This design provides a new challenge to chip programming. Parallel programming languages such as the open-source X10 programming language are designed to assist with this task. [11] Silicon labelling and graffiti To allow identification during production most silicon chips will have a serial number in one corner. It is also common to add the manufactuers logo. Ever since ICs were created, some chip designers have used the silicon surface area for surreptitious, non-functional images or words. These are sometimes referred to as Chip Art, Silicon Art, Silicon Graffiti or Silicon Doodling. [edit] Key industrial and academic data |[pic] |The lists in this article may contain items that are not notable, encyclopedic, or helpful. Please help out by removing| | |such elements and incorporating appropriate items into the main body of the article. (January 2008) | [edit] Notable ICs †¢ The 555 common multivibrator sub-circuit (common in electronic timing circuits) †¢ The 741 operational amplifier †¢ 7400 series TTL logic building blocks 4000 series, the CMOS counterpart to the 7400 series (see also: 74HC00 series) †¢ Intel 4004, the worlds first microprocessor, which led to the famous 8080 CPU and then the IBM PCs 8088, 80286, 486 etc. †¢ The MOS Technology 6502 and Zilog Z80 microprocessors, used in many home computers of the early 1980s †¢ The Motorola 6800 series of computer-related chips, leading to the 68000 and 88000 series (used in some Apple computers). [edit] Manufacturers For a list of microchip manufacturers, see List of integrated circuit manufacturers. VLSI conferences ICM – IEEE International Conference on Microelectronics †¢ ISSCC – IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference †¢ CICC – IEEE Custom Integrated Circuit Conference †¢ ISCAS – IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems †¢ VLSI – IEEE International Conference on VLSI Design †¢ DAC – Design Automation Conference †¢ ICCAD – International Conference on Computer-Aided Design †¢ ESSCIRC – European Solid-State Circuits Conference †¢ ISLPED – International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design †¢ ISPD – International Symposi um on Physical Design ISQED – International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design †¢ DATE – Design Automation and Test in Europe †¢ ICCD – International Conference on Computer Design †¢ IEDM – IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting †¢ GLSVLSI – IEEE Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI †¢ ASP-DAC – Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference †¢ MWSCAS – IEEE Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems †¢ ICSVLSI – IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI †¢ IEEE Symposia on VLSI Circuits and Technology [edit] VLSI journals ED – IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices †¢ EDL – IEEE Electron Device Letters †¢ CAD – IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, IEEE web site for this journal †¢ JSSC – IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits †¢ VLSI – IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems †¢ CAS II – IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing †¢ SM – IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing †¢ SSE – Solid-State Electronics

Different Definitions of Self-esteem - 691 Words

Current Issues states that â€Å"self-esteem refers to the confidence and satisfaction in [themselves]† (Macmillan 2003). In other words, Current Issues says that self-esteem is made up of confidence and satisfaction in yourself. The definition of self-esteem isn’t constant from person to person because everyone is different. Sixteen year old Breft Greenberg says, â€Å"I think it’s your confidence in yourself and your abilities† (Arbetter 1996). This shows that his definition can be different than the ‘true’ definition, but it is still correct in his heart. Another person believes that self-esteem is knowing you are worthy of love. There are many different definitions to describe self-esteem and they all tie into each other. Some of them are more in depth than others and others are vague. Close friends can boost one’s self-esteem, but peer pressure can lower one’s self-esteem. Parents and teachers should be boosting one’s self-esteem, but this is not always the case. Some students think that if a teacher gives them a bad grade it is because the teacher doesn’t like them. This will definitely lower their self-esteem. Guilford continues by saying, â€Å"students [should be taught] how to accept their natural body shape and size† (Kellahan 2013). Guilford is saying that people should learn to accept themselves and not what others think of them. Students should be taught how to accept themselves as students so they grow up confident in themselves. Something that can help this is teachersShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Self Esteem1630 Words   |  7 PagesBU 110 25 October 2016 The Importance of Self-Esteem It is often said that if an individual wishes to succeed in life they must have confidence. That in order to handle difficult situations it is confidence that will see them through. But what if that’s wrong? What if there was a lesser known, subtly more powerful force that would allow an individual to succeed and be resilient to those difficult situations? Often confused with confidence, it is self-esteem that is a powerful mechanism affecting mentalRead MoreTeaching Professionals Best Assist The Development Of Pupil s Self1691 Words   |  7 Pagesschool I work at answers the research question: ‘ ‘How can teaching professionals best assist the development of pupil’s self – esteem in the classroom? ‘ To undertake this research I had two aims: 1. To understand the ways that self- esteem develops and the impact of the classroom experience on self- esteem. 2. To reflect on and improve my own practice with a view to creating an atmosphere in the classroom where the children couldRead MoreMarketing American Culture1175 Words   |  5 Pageswere sad, because in different cultures, people see depression differently because of various definitions of the condition itself. Depression in the United States is becoming as common as the cold, but only because that’s the way depression treatment is marketed. Marketing itself means the methods by which products are advertised and sold, and it is not restricted for just consumer use. In Jean Twenge’s essay â€Å"An Army of One: Me†, Twenge explores the increase in self-esteem and narcissism acrossRead MoreSelf-Monitoring Effects on Self-Esteem1260 Words   |  6 Pagesrelationship between self-monitoring and self-esteem. 150 college students from De La Salle University, Manila participated in this study. By using Self-Monitoring Scale (SMS) and Self-Esteem Rating Scale (SERS), the participants were asked to answer these questionnaires. The ratings from the scales were used to measure participants’ self-monitoring and self-esteem. Based on the results of this study, coherent with the previous studies on the topic, it could be inferred that self-monitoring of a personRead MoreCorrelation Between Self Esteem And Healthy Individuals996 Words   |  4 Pagesrelationships have not yet begun to explore the individual’s self-esteem. As has already been discussed, the research relating to CNM relationships has provided a plethora of information supporting healthy relationships and healthy individuals. The next step is to explore the self-esteem of these CNM individuals. Therefore, the purpose of this research proposal is to explore correlations between self-esteem scores on the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1989) with relationship choice, includingRead MoreNormality and Human Behavior1674 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"normal† and â€Å"abnormal† human behaviour. It is very difficult to begin to draw a solid line from where normality begins and finishes becoming abnormal. Through-out time there have been many explanations that try to established a genderalisable definition for abnormal behaviour. One of which is deviation from social norms, under this explanation behaviour is classed as abnormal if it deviates away from the unwritten customary rules of society that a coà ¶rdinate our behaviour within a particular societyRead MoreThe Causes And Effects Of Low Self Esteem1336 Words   |  6 PagesThe causes and effects of low self-esteem must be considered to have a deeper understanding regarding the process in achieving healthy ageing. Acknowledging that older adults’ self-esteem is part of their overall health is the first step. Further, addressing the factors that contribute to deterioration of self-confidence is fundamental to generate an effective plan of care in increasing self-esteem among older adults. Provision of an effec tive and sensible plan of care conforming to older adults’Read MoreConsumers as Individuals – the Self1498 Words   |  6 PagesINDIVIDUALS – THE SELF Self-concept The self-concept refers to the beliefs a person holds about their attributes, and how they evaluate these qualities. Components of the self-concept It is composed of many attributes, some of which are given greater emphasis when the overall self is being evaluated. Attributes of self-concept can be described along such dimensions as their content (for example, facial attractiveness vs. mental aptitude), positivity or negativity (i.e. self-esteem), intensityRead MoreThe Definition of Beauty Essay905 Words   |  4 PagesSynthesis Essay #2 The definition of beauty is a characteristic of a person, animal, place, object, or idea that provides a perceptual experience of pleasure, meaning, or satisfaction. Beauty has negative and positive influences on mostly people. Beauty is described by the inside and outside of us. Due to beauty, our self-esteem has been hurt dramatically, especially towards girls. Beauty is not always about our outside looks but it’s about our inside personality also. First of all, beautyRead MoreBody Image vs. Self Esteem1565 Words   |  7 PagesBODY IMAGE VS. SELF-ESTEEM According to Merriam Webster’s Dictionary, diet is food and drink regularly provided or consumed. It is also defined as the regimen of eating and drinking sparingly so as to reduce one’s weight. The latter definition will be the one used for this research paper. Currently, up to fifty percent of women have tried dieting at some point in their lives and at least 90 percent of teenagers diet regularly. Due to this, the â€Å"diet fad† is worth billions with its government

What Factors That Influence Exchange Rates and How Outline

Essays on What Factors That Influence Exchange Rates and How Outline The paper "What Factors That Influence Exchange Rates and How?" is a perfect example of an outline on macro and microeconomics. The health of the economy is determined by a country’s exchange rates. However, exchange rates are widely influenced by different factors. Surprisingly, the rates vary from country to country and for any given currency, over time. A. Thesis statement Demand and supply, meaningfully, are the key determiners of the exchange rate. The great demand for goods tends to call for the increased value of the currency. 2. BODYI) Factors That Influence Exchange RatesA. InflationChanges in market demand cause a change in currency exchange rates. A country that experiences low inflation rates often enables an appreciation in the value of its currency (Compare Remit, 2015). Where inflation is low, the prices of goods and services increase at a slower rate. For instance, if the inflation is low in the US, its export will be competitive thus increase in demand. In this case, their imports will be less competitive hence little demand for imports.B. Interest ratesChanges in interest rates influence currency value. The increased rate affects a country’s currency. Higher interests invite higher rates to lenders thus attracting more foreign capital (World’s Leading Macroeconomic Survey Firm, 2015). For instance, if US interest rates rise relative to elsewhere, it will attract more investors to deposit in US banks. The value of the dollar will increase. C. SpeculationHere, speculators make the substantial thought that there would raise in the currency in the future (CompareRemit, 2015). Therefore, there would be more demand now to make more profit. This increase in demand will cause the value to rise. D. Government InterventionChina is one of the countries that undervalue its currency to make Chinese products more competitive (Economics. Help, 2013). Usually, they do this by buying US dollar assets hence increases the value of the Dollar to Yuan.

Competitive Market Scenario- Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Explain why this scenario is considered bad for the economy and what are the possible explanations for the weakening of Competition? 2.Use simple demand and supply analysis to show how a monopolist can affect total welfare. 3.What does Schumpeter suggest as solutions to Improve Competition? Answers: 1.There is huge competition among the large number of sellers in the competitive market scenario (Baumol Blinder, 2015). Each firm tries to keep hold over the maximum share in the market. In doing so, the firms innovate and implement new technology and methods to reduce their cost and enjoy higher profits. Due to increase in the Competition, financially weaker firms exit the market or change their product line, reducing the competition (Varian, 2014). When this happens, the firms still existing in the market stop investing in newer technology and hoard the profits rather than investing it. Because of this, the workers or the laborers get reduced wages and consequently the demand is affected in the market. When this happens, some of the sellers exit the market which leads to a reduction in the competition and leads to a Monopolistic Situation which is not favorable for the consumers and the Society at large. The reduction in the competition can also be due to an increase in the inter vention of the Government for regulating the market. Government intervenes when it feels that its non-intervention would lead to a situation where the larger firms will start dominating the market. Due to the intervention of the Government, the firms start feeling that their growth is being restricted and their objective of attaining economies of scale is being hindered, this is the reason as to why some of the firms leave the market leading to weakened Competitive Environment. 2. Figure 1: Social cost in a Monopoly Market The above diagram represents the market scenario both under a competitive and monopoly market. The demand and the supply curve are DD and SS respectively. The marginal cost faced by the monopolist is the same as SS. Equilibrium in the competitive market is at point E where the market demand curve cuts the market supply curve. In other words, this is the point where price equals marginal cost. P* is the corresponding equilibrium price. At this price Q* quantity will be sold. However, the equilibrium condition in the monopoly market is different from that of a competitive market. The necessary condition of equilibrium is Marginal Revenue (MR) = Marginal Cost (MC) (McKenzie Lee, 2016). This can be shown in the above diagram. At the monopoly market equilibrium, the market price rises to P1 and the quantity supplied reduces to Q1. Thus, it can be derived that for a Monopolistic Market, reduced quantity of products are supplied at higher prices. It reduces the surplus received by the cons umers when there are intense competitions among firms. The monopolist (Friedman, 2017) enjoys part of the lost consumer surplus and rest is counted as a welfare loss to the society. Thus, the Aggregate Welfare is reduced. The shaded region represents the dead weight loss attributable to society. 3.Schumpeter, the economist, suggested opting for the 3 Stage Strategy for overcoming the situation. A highly motivated public campaign can force the politicians change the decisions they made. During the 1920s, the combined action from the Monopolist led to significant reforms. Significant amount of Power was provided to the Technocrats with the formation of the Anti-Trust Law. Only a brave move was required from them. The experiences gathered in Chicago School should be a lesson for the Scholars of the Society. Americans should give focus on the importance of Competition for the consumers as well as for the whole society. Following the strategies, it can be anticipated that the situation would be improved in the future. References Baumol, W. J., Blinder, A. S. (2015).Microeconomics: Principles and policy. Cengage Learning. Friedman, L. S. (2017).The microeconomics of public policy analysis. Princeton University Press. McKenzie, R. B., Lee, D. R. (2016).Microeconomics for MBAs: The economic way of thinking for managers. Cambridge University Press. Varian, H. R. (2014).Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach: Ninth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company.

John Stuart Mill Essays (1435 words) - Utilitarianism,

John Stuart Mill John Stuart Mill 1806-1873 John had a teleological view of ethics. He is also known as the 1st advocate for women. Lived during the time of the Industrial Revolution. Born to a rich man, he was the youngest, Mr. Mill retired after having John and deticated his life to making John a genius. Mr. Mill home educated John all his life in hopes to create a genius. Not once in Johns life at home was he able to leave the compound of his fathers home. John had to educate his older brothers and sisters. At the age of 14 Johns standard or intellect was very high. At 14 he was given the summer off and went to Paris with his cousins. By the age of 15 Mr. Mill was inviting leading scholars in mathematics, literature, science?and want John to prove to them that he knew more in that subject than they did. The amazing thing is that he know more about those subject than the scholars. At 21 he was a genius but had a breakdown. He was sent to a rest home where no drugs where administered. It was merely a place for him to rest and relax. He was a very left brained person with all the factual knowledge he had and this place allowed him to explore the right side?.poems, literature?Mr. Mills disowned John because he want a genius and geniuses don't go crazy. When John gets out he is perfectly fine, still and genius and sane at the same time. When John gets out he gets a job with the East India Company. With all the knowledge John had he never taught. He worked all his life and did philosophy for fun on the side. John was never mad at his father for what he did to him, instead he was mad at his mother for allowing Mr. Mill mistreat John. Strangely enough John becomes the first advocate for women. By 23 or 24 John meets a woman by the name of Harriet Taylor. She is known as the wild woman of Europe and also a radical. Harriet was married to a rich man whom she had total control over. Harriet was known to frequent the men's clubs alone where she would drink and smoke. When she meets John she falls in love and for about 20 years they would see each other while she was still married. When her husband died they were together but she died soon after. Many believe she is the influence to his woman's advocacy. John was a great writer and wrote 3 books. The first, On Liberty, was an absolute defense for liberty. He cared greatly about independence and wrote about it brilliantly. The second, The Subject of Women, is known as a man wrote the best book written about women. One extreme point about this book was that he thought if women are going to have children they need to stay at home until the children are able to care for themselves. Mills basic opinion was to have the women go out and do something, get a job. Not many women accepted this from John, many were not ready to hear such things. John said all this time we have spent is wasted because we have not acknowledged have of the human race for so long. That is half of the creativity we have missed out on. Many say Harriet wrote the book, she didn't, but she definitely had an influence. Back then women had no rights and were not able to own land. If a woman's husband died and she was left with his money, she would have a year to remarry o r her money will be given to the state and she would be left with nothing. Things like this are what John tried to change. The third book, Utilitarianism, is his opinion on ethics. John Mill got opinion of utilitarianism from his godfather Jeremy Bentham. Jeremy was an investor and was good in accounting and mathematics. He was not a religious man and believed that all people do in their lives is seek pleasure. You seek for what you want and don't do what you don't want

Mary Tyler Moore Show Feminism and Inspiration

Mary Tyler Moore Show Feminism and Inspiration The Mary Tyler Moore Show depicted a single career woman in Minneapolis who famously â€Å"made it on her own,† as described in the show’s opening theme song. The feminism of Mary Tyler Moore is seen both in specific moments as well as the overall premise and theme of an independent woman’s success. Fast Facts: Mary Tyler Moore Show Sitcom Title: The Mary Tyler Moore Show, aka Mary Tyler MooreYears Aired: 1970-1977Stars: Mary Tyler Moore, Ed Asner, Gavin MacLeod, Ted Knight, Valerie Harper, Cloris Leachman, Betty White, Georgia EngelFeminist Focus: A single woman in her 30s has a successful career and a fulfilling life. Starring Mary as...a Single Woman? One aspect of the feminism of Mary Tyler Moore is the central character. Mary Tyler Moore is Mary Richards, a single woman in her early 30s who moves to the big city and launches a television news career. It was a bold move for a sitcom’s main character to be a single woman, not just because of the many family oriented shows of the 1950s and 1960s, but because of the statement it made about a significant question of the Women’s Liberation Movement: why couldn’t a woman define her happiness and success by things other than husband and children? Single Woman Fictions The original premise of The Mary Tyler Moore Show called for Mary Richards to move to Minneapolis after a divorce. CBS executives resisted this idea. Mary Tyler Moore had starred in the well-regarded Dick Van Dyke Show during the 1960s as the wife of Dick Van Dyke’s character. There was concern that viewers would perceive Mary as having divorced Dick Van Dyke, because they were so popularly associated in the public’s mind, even though this was a new show with a new character in a new setting. This legendary story of The Mary Tyler Moore Show’s beginnings shows just how linked an actress could be to her male co-stars. However, the fact that Mary Richards was single and had never married worked out better for the show and may have made an even stronger feminist statement than if she were divorced. Taking Care of Herself The Mary Tyler Moore Show deals with Mary’s marriage or lack thereof in the first episode. In that debut, Mary Richards moves into her new apartment and begins her new job. She has recently ended a relationship with a man she helped financially support through medical school, only to then find him still not ready to get married. The ex visits her in Minneapolis, expecting her to fall happily back into his arms, even though he is revealed to be less than thoughtful by bringing her flowers swiped from a hospital patient. As he leaves her apartment after she tells him goodbye, he tells her to take care of herself. She answers, â€Å"I think I just did.†Ã‚   Friends, Co-Workers, and Assorted Guests From day one in her new home, Mary interacts with neighbors Rhoda and Phyllis. Rhoda, played by Valerie Harper, is another unmarried thirty-something who contributes sarcastic wit and an ongoing search for good dates and a husband. Phyllis, played by Cloris Leachman, is a quirky, self-righteous type, married and raising a strong-willed pre-teen daughter, with unconventional behaviors that touch on many 1960s social issues and political themes, including support of Women’s Liberation. One of The Mary Tyler Moore Show’s writers, Treva Silverman, pointed out that Rhoda’s character arc over the years mirrors the feminism of the Women’s Liberation Movement. She goes from being self-deprecating and insecure to more confident and successful. (Quoted in Women Who Run the Show by Mollie Gregory, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2002.) Both Rhoda and Phyllis became spinoffs from The Mary Tyler Moore Show.   Other Glimpses of Feminism Over the years, the feminism of The Mary Tyler Moore Show was seen in episodes dealing with equal pay, divorce, â€Å"career vs. family,† sexuality and a woman’s reputation. The real strength of the show was that it realistically portrayed a variety of characters, including women, who were fully defined individuals apart from their encounters with topical issues of the 1970s. Part of what made Mary special was that she was normal: interacting with co-workers and friends, dating, encountering troubles in life, being likable and easygoing. In addition to the successful feminism of The Mary Tyler Moore Show, the program won a then-record number of Emmys and a Peabody Award. The Peabody summary said it â€Å"established the benchmark by which all situation comedies must be judged.† The Mary Tyler Moore Show contributed multiple iconic moments to television history, including Mary’s joyfully free hat toss in the opening credits, and it is remembered as one of the best sitcoms in television history.